地球科学进展

地球科学进展 ›› 2025, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (9): 916 -924. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2025.071

研究论文 上一篇    下一篇

黄土地区深埋隧道诱发地表建筑物开裂机理研究
张海峰(), 李振军, 滕光亮   
  1. 甘肃省建筑设计研究院有限公司，甘肃 兰州 730015
  • 收稿日期:2025-08-06 修回日期:2025-08-30 出版日期:2025-09-10
  • 基金资助:
    甘肃省建筑设计研究院有限公司2023年度科技项目(KY2023-04)

Ground Surface Building Cracking Mechanism due to Deep Tunnels in Loess Areas

Haifeng ZHANG(), Zhenjun LI, Guangliang TENG   

  1. Gansu Institute of Architectural Design and Research Co. , Ltd. , Lanzhou 730015, China
  • Received:2025-08-06 Revised:2025-08-30 Online:2025-09-10 Published:2025-11-18
  • About author:ZHANG Haifeng, research areas include geotechnical engineering investigation and evaluation. E-mail: 95211263@qq.com
  • Supported by:
    the 2023 Annual Science and Technology Project of Gansu Institute of Architectural Design and Research Co., Ltd(KY2023-04)
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城市隧道（地铁）开挖引起的地表建筑物破坏事故频发，学术界对此开展了深入研究。但针对深埋隧道开挖是否会引起地表建筑物破坏的案例与系统研究均较少。近年来，在黄土高原西南部某隧道施工过程中，位于其上方210 m的自然村建筑物出现了多处变形和开裂等破坏现象。为探明建筑物开裂与隧道施工的相关性及建筑物开裂机理，对研究区建筑物裂缝进行了现场测绘和统计，使用高密度电法，对研究区地层结构和地下水迁移等情况进行探查。结果显示：①建筑物变形、开裂与隧道开挖呈现高度的时空一致性，裂缝主要分布在隧道中轴线3倍隧洞直径范围内；②物探结果表明，当隧道围岩稳定性较差时，深埋隧道开挖过程中的震（振）动会破坏地下岩土体原生结构，形成地下水下渗通道并引起地下水位下降。饱和黄土失水固结，在建筑物荷载作用下产生不均匀沉降，是导致地表建筑物的开裂破坏的根本原因。此外，在相同条件下，相比砖混结构建筑物，土木结构建筑物对隧道施工的响应更为强烈，发育裂缝数量更多、宽度更大。

关键词: 黄土, 深埋隧道, 建筑物开裂, 黄土固结沉降

Urban tunnel excavations have caused frequent incidents of surface building damage, attracting the interest of the academic community. However, case studies on surface building damage caused by deep tunnel excavations are lacking. Therefore, it is imperative to study the impact mechanism of deep tunnel construction on surface buildings, develop response modes, and formulate protection measures. This study examines a representative case from a village in the southwest of the Loess Plateau, where tunnel construction at 210 m depth has coincided with excessive deformations, cracks, and other damages in surface buildings. Specifically, this study explored the impact of tunnel construction on surface buildings through on-site investigations, surveying and mapping, mathematical statistics, geophysical exploration, and model analysis. The crack mapping and statistical results showed that the building deformation, cracking, and tunnel excavation exhibited high spatiotemporal consistency. Temporally, the occurrence and development of building cracks were almost synchronous with deep tunnel construction, while crack development lagged slightly. Spatially, the degree of development of building cracks, building settlement, and the displacement vector of building cracks were closely related to tunnel construction. Building cracks mainly developed within three times the diameter of the tunnel on either side of the tunnel axes in the plane. The building type had a significant impact on the response to tunnel construction: unengineered civil structures were more sensitive to tunnel construction than masonry-concrete structures and more prone to severe damage. Geophysical survey results indicated that when the surrounding rock stability was poor, the vibration during deep tunnel excavation damaged the original structure of the rock and soil mass, forming a channel for underground water infiltration and leading to a rapid drop in the groundwater table. The resulting desaturation and uneven consolidation of loess under building loads emerged as a fundamental cause of ground-surface building cracking. To avoid surface building cracking induced by deep tunnel construction, it is necessary to conduct a detailed engineering geological exploration before tunnel construction to identify the engineering geological and hydrogeological conditions, develop reasonable construction excavation and support, and develop an underground water seepage prevention plan. It is also important to conduct long-term safety monitoring of surface buildings.

Key words: Loess, Deep-buried tunnel, Building cracking, Loess consolidation settlement

中图分类号: 

图1 甘肃省陇中地区某自然村位置与村内建筑裂缝分布情况
（a）研究区位置；（b）自然村不同等级裂缝与隧道空间分布平面图（蓝色为土木结构建筑物、其余为砖混结构建筑物）；（c）部分房屋裂缝。
Fig. 1 Location of the natural village and distribution of building cracks inside the village in Longzhong area of Gansu Province
（a） Location of the study area； （b） Plan view of spatial distribution of cracks of different grades and the tunnel in the natural village （blue represents earth-wood structure buildings， and the rest represent brick-concrete structure buildings）； （c） Cracks in some houses.
图2 裂缝密度与隧道中轴线距离关系图
Fig. 2 Relationship between crack density and the tunnel central axis distance
图3 甘肃省陇中地区某自然村建筑物裂缝数据可视化处理
（a） 裂缝宽度等值线云图；（b） 建筑物裂缝位移矢量图。
Fig. 3 Visualization processing of building crack data of the natural village buildings in Longzhong area of Gansu Province
（a） Contour cloud map of crack width； （b） Displacement vector diagram of building cracks.
表1 不同结构建筑物裂缝统计表
Table 1 Statistical table of cracks in buildings with different structures
裂缝分级/mm土木结构裂缝数量/条砖混结构裂缝数量/条裂缝总数/条土墙裂缝占比/%
合计28646274838.24
0.2~0.519446330.16
0.5~1.012526418.75
1.0~3.09921831731.23
3.0~5.0678815543.23
5.0~10.046438951.69
10.0~20.034134772.34
20.0~50.0941369.23
图4 甘肃省陇中地区某隧道地质剖面
Fig. 4 Tunnel geological profile in Longzhong area of Gansu Province
表2 甘肃省陇中地区某自然村井点实测水位
Table 2 Measured water level of the natural village wells in Longzhong area of Gansu Province
户号（#）151943旧宅2325262841
实测水位/m-14.90-16.31-16.50-15.34-15.10-15.02-15.55-17.20
图5 电法勘探反演结果
（a） 温纳装置反演结果；（b） 偶级装置反演结果。
Fig. 5 Inversion results of high-density resistivity exploration
（a） Inversion results of Wenner array； （b） Inversion results of dipole array.
表3 黄土固结沉降参数
Table 3 Loess consolidation settlement parameters
压缩系数ae /MPa-1土层重度γw /（kN/m3）初始孔隙比e0压缩因子A0/（×10-3/m）
0.15180.70.79
图6 饱和黄土失水固结沉降地质模型
1为地表附加沉降曲线；2为原始地下水位线；3为地下水位降深曲线。
Fig. 6 Geological model of saturated loess with water loss consolidation settlement
1： Surface additional settlement curve； 2： Original groundwater level line； 3： Groundwater level drawdown curve.
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