无人机低空摄影测量在黄土滑坡调查评估中的应用

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2017.03.0319

地球科学进展 ›› 2017, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (3): 319 -330. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2017.03.0319

彭大雷(

), 许强 ^*(

), 董秀军, 巨袁臻, 亓星, 陶叶青

成都理工大学地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室,四川成都 610059

收稿日期:2016-10-31 修回日期:2017-01-12 出版日期:2017-03-20
通讯作者: 许强 E-mail:pdlhbsz@126.com;xq@cdut.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家重点基础研究发展计划项目“黄土重大灾害超前判识、临灾预警与风险控制”(编号:2014CB744703);国家创新研究群体科学基金资助项目“西部地区重大地质灾害潜在隐患早期识别与监测预警”(编号:41521002)资助

Application of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Low-altitude Photogrammetry in Investigation and Evaluation of Loess Landslide

Dalei Peng( ), Qiang Xu ^*( ), Xiujun Dong, Yuanzhen Ju, Xing Qi, Yeqing Tao

State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China

Received:2016-10-31 Revised:2017-01-12 Online:2017-03-20 Published:2017-03-20
Contact: Qiang Xu E-mail:pdlhbsz@126.com;xq@cdut.edu.cn
About author:
First author:Peng Dalei(1986-), male, Suizhou City, Hubei Province, Ph.D student. Research areas include rock and soil stability and engineering effect.E-mail:pdlhbsz@126.com
Supported by:
Project supported by the State Key Development Program for Basic Research of China “Advanced detection, early warning and risk control for catastrophic loess hazards”(No.2014CB744703);The Funds for Creative Research Groups of China “Early recognition and warning system for potentially catastrophic geohazards in West China”(No.41521002)

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无人机低空摄影测量技术是继遥感和三维激光扫面之后,在三维空间数据领域中又一个可用于大面积、高精度和快速获取三维点云数据的技术方法。随着摄影测量算法的改进和商品化发展,目前该项新技术在国内外广泛应用于各个领域,在地质灾害防治领域的应用也处于不断尝试阶段。结合利用无人机低空摄影测量技术调查甘肃黑方台地区黄土滑坡实例,在简要介绍低空摄影测量的基本原理和数据获取方法的基础上,阐述了该技术在区域黄土滑坡调查(面积为36 km²)和单体黄土滑坡调查方面的应用效果。结果表明:在区域滑坡调查方面,可以很好地认识其空间分布规律和发育特征;在单体滑坡方面,通过滑坡前后两期低空摄影测量数据分析,很好地认识滑坡的滑前变形迹象和成灾过程。由此可见,低空摄影测量技术在地质灾害防治领域具有广阔应用前景和一定科研价值。

关键词: 无人机, 低空摄影测量, 区域滑坡, 单体滑坡, 黄土滑坡

The new technology of UAVs low-altitude photogrammetry is a new three-dimensional space technology after radar remote sensing and 3D laser scanning. This technology has many advantages in the aspect of acquiring 3D point cloud data, such as large area operation, high-accuracy and capturing 3D geographical information quickly. With the algorithm improvement and commercialization development of low-altitude photogrammetry, this new technology is widely used in various fields in foreign countries. This new technology shows a tendency of rapid development in China, especially in the field of surveying and mapping, but in the geological and geotechnical engineering field is at a tentative stage. Based on briefly introducing the new technology of the basic principle and 3D data acquisition method, combined with an example about loess landslide investigation at Heifangtai tableland in Gansu Province, this paper described the application effect of the new technology in the regional landslide investigation and individual landslide investigation. The results showed as follows: ①We could greatly understand the regional spatial distribution of loess landslide in the regional landslide investigation. ②We learned the development characteristics and disaster process of the landslide by means of analyzing pre-sliding and post-sliding low-altitude photogrammetry datum in individual landslide investigation. Thus, UAVs low-altitude photogrammetry technology has broad prospects and research value in the field of geotechnical engineering and geological engineering application.

Key words: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), Low-altitude photogrammetry, Regional landslide, Individual landslide, Loess landslide.

中图分类号:

P642.22

表1 Microdrones md4-1000四旋翼无人机相关参数

Table 1 Related parameters of Microdrones md4-1000 four rotor UAVs related parameters

参数	爬升速度	巡航速度	最大功率	机身自重	任务载荷	机身尺寸	飞行时间	飞行半径	飞行高度
指标	7.5 m/s	15.0 m/s	1 000 W	2 650 g	2 000 g	1 030 mm	<50分钟/ 块电池	3 000 m	1 000 m

表1 Microdrones md4-1000四旋翼无人机相关参数

Table 1 Related parameters of Microdrones md4-1000 four rotor UAVs related parameters

参数	爬升速度	巡航速度	最大功率	机身自重	任务载荷	机身尺寸	飞行时间	飞行半径	飞行高度
指标	7.5 m/s	15.0 m/s	1 000 W	2 650 g	2 000 g	1 030 mm	<50分钟/ 块电池	3 000 m	1 000 m

图1 无人机摄影测量工作流程
(a)现场调查和基准点静态测量;(b)布设相控点;(c)四旋翼无人机;(d)规划航线;(e)无人机现场采集照片;(f)相控点测量;(g)室内工作流程;(h)空中三角测量;(i)三角纹理立体图

Fig.1 UAV photogrammetry workflow
(a)Site investigation and primary contril points measurement;(b)Layout ground control points; (c)Four rotor UAVs;(d)Planning route;(e)Pictures collection onsite;(f)GCPs measurement;(g)Manipulation data inside;(h)Aerial triangulation;(i)3D triangle texture graph

图2 研究区黑方台的位置
(a) 黑方台在中国地图中的位置(中国DEM图);(b) 黑方台交通区位概图

Fig.2 Position of Heifangtai tableland
(a)Position of study area in China map(DEM map of China); (b) Traffic map of Heifangtai

图3 基于无人机低空摄影测量的黑方台三维影像图

Fig.3 A three-dimensional image of Heifangtai tableland based on UAVs low-altitude altitude photogrammetry

图4 黑方台黄土滑坡发育特征
(a)黑方台黄土滑坡分布规律;(b) 4类滑坡的个数和比例

Fig.4 Development characteristics of loess landslide at Heifangtai tableland
(a) Distribution pattern of loess landslide at Heifangtai tableland; (b) The number and proportion of four types landslides

图5 典型无人机低空摄影测量影像
(a) 典型黄土—基岩型影像;(b) 典型浅层—基岩型影像;(c)典型黄土—泥流型影像;(d)典型静态液化型影像

Fig.5 Typical images of UAVs low-altitude photogrammetry
(a)Typical image of loess-bedrock landslide; (b) Typical image of shallow loess slides; (c) Typical image of loess-flow landslide; (d) Typical image of static liquefaction landslide

表2 黄土滑坡无人机低空摄影测量人工判识方法

Table 2 UAVs low-altitude photogrammetry artificial recognition method for loess landslide

序号	滑坡类型	人工判识方法
(1)	黄土基岩型	具有较大的体积规模,滑动距离短,后缘内凹程度低,明显地貌错动迹象和堆积体有大量的裂缝和错台
(2)	浅层崩滑型	具有较小体积规模,滑动距离短,堆积体堆积于坡脚,体积体呈鲜黄色且干燥,后缘有较小的凹陷,多发生于凸形坡
(3)	黄土泥流型	具有较小体积规模,有人工削方的迹象,坡脚有出水迹象,黄土厚度小,堆积体流通的带状
(4)	静态液化型	具有较大的体积规模,坡脚有出水迹象,滑动距离远,具有圈椅状滑坡后壁,堆积体有细小水沟且呈浅黑色

表2 黄土滑坡无人机低空摄影测量人工判识方法

Table 2 UAVs low-altitude photogrammetry artificial recognition method for loess landslide

序号	滑坡类型	人工判识方法
(1)	黄土基岩型	具有较大的体积规模,滑动距离短,后缘内凹程度低,明显地貌错动迹象和堆积体有大量的裂缝和错台
(2)	浅层崩滑型	具有较小体积规模,滑动距离短,堆积体堆积于坡脚,体积体呈鲜黄色且干燥,后缘有较小的凹陷,多发生于凸形坡
(3)	黄土泥流型	具有较小体积规模,有人工削方的迹象,坡脚有出水迹象,黄土厚度小,堆积体流通的带状
(4)	静态液化型	具有较大的体积规模,坡脚有出水迹象,滑动距离远,具有圈椅状滑坡后壁,堆积体有细小水沟且呈浅黑色

图6 滑坡前后的正摄影像图对比图
(a)滑坡前正射影像图;(b)滑坡后正射影像图;(c)滑后全貌图

Fig.6 The compared of digital orthophoto map from pre-sliding to post-sliding
(a) The digital orthophoto map of the pre-sliding;(b)The digital orthophoto map of the post-sliding;(c) The overview of the post-sliding

图7 党川滑坡2#滑源区前后地貌对比图及党川2#滑坡前后裂缝落水洞的分布
(a) 滑坡前滑源区正射影像图;(b) 滑坡后滑源区正射影像图;(c) 滑坡前滑源区地形图和裂缝土洞分布图;(d)滑坡后滑源区地形图和裂缝土洞分布图

Fig.7 The compared of Digital Orthophoto Map (DOM) and distribution map of cracks & sinkholes at source zone from pre-sliding to post-sliding
(a) DOM of source area of pre-sliding landslide;(b)DOM of source area of post-sliding landslide;(c)Distribution map of cracks and sinkholes of pre-sliding;(d) Distribution map of cracks and sinkholes of post-sliding

图8 无人机低空摄影测量调查分析结果
(a):1.滑坡分区,2.滑坡分区中的子分区,3.滑动方向,4.滑坡分区的代码,5.探孔的位置,6.被毁坏的房屋和工厂,7.居民点;(b):Ⅰ.第一次滑动,Ⅱ-1.第二次滑动的第一轮滑动,Ⅱ-2.第二次滑动的第二轮滑动,Ⅱ-3.第二次滑动的第三轮滑动;A.滑源区,A1.崩滑滑源区,A2.主滑源区,A3.滑塌滑源区;B.堆积区,B ₁.流通堆积区,B ₂.铲卷堆积区,B ₃.挤压堆积区,B ₄.二次堆积区,B ₅.粉末堆积区
(a)党川2#滑坡工程地质平面图;(b)党川2#滑坡分区图及运动路径;(c)滑坡滑动前后高程差值

Fig.8 Results of UAVs close-range photogrammetry survey
(a) Engineering geological map of Dangchuan 2# landslide;(b) The movement route of dangchuan 2# landslide by orthogonal projection intage;(c) The height difference between pre-sliding and post-sliding

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