地球科学进展 ›› 2025, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (8): 794 -808. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2025.055

综述与评述 上一篇    下一篇

台风中尺度波动与精细结构及强度变化关系的研究进展
黄昕1,2,3,4(), 戴华宁1,2, 赵玉春1,2(), 崔梦雪1,2, 荀爱萍1,5, 潘宁6, 周玉淑3,4   
  1. 1. 厦门市海峡气象开放重点实验室,福建 厦门 361012
    2. 厦门市气象台,福建 厦门 361012
    3. 中国科学院大气物理研究所 云降水物理与强风暴重点实验室,北京 100029
    4. 中国科学院大学,北京 100049
    5. 厦门市集美区气象局,福建 厦门 361021
    6. 福建省气象台,福建 福州 350008
  • 收稿日期:2025-04-30 修回日期:2025-07-23 出版日期:2025-08-10
  • 通讯作者: 赵玉春
  • 基金资助:
    福建省自然科学基金项目(2023J05061); 国家自然科学基金项目(42205011)

Review of Studies on Mesoscale Waves: Relationships with the Fine-Scale Structure and Intensity Changes of Typhoons

Xin HUANG1,2,3,4(), Huaning DAI1,2, Yuchun ZHAO1,2(), Mengxue CUI1,2, Aiping XUN1,5, Ning PAN6, Yushu ZHOU3,4   

  1. 1. Xiamen Key Laboratory of Straits Meteorology, Xiamen Fujian 361012, China
    2. Xiamen Meteorological Observatory, Xiamen Fujian 361012, China
    3. Key Laboratory of Cloud-Precipitation Physics and Severe Storms, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
    4. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
    5. Xiamen Jimei Meteorological Bureau, Xiamen Fujian 361021, China
    6. Fujian Meteorological Observatory, Fuzhou 350008, China
  • Received:2025-04-30 Revised:2025-07-23 Online:2025-08-10 Published:2025-10-20
  • Contact: Yuchun ZHAO
  • Supported by:
    the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(2023J05061); The National Natural Science Foundation of China(42205011)

目前处于台风强度预报能力进一步提升的瓶颈期,其中中尺度过程尚不清晰,限制了对台风强度变化的预报能力。总结了台风中尺度波动(涡旋罗斯贝波和台风重力波)的成因和特征,梳理了中尺度波动与台风眼墙、螺旋雨带及其对流强度和(不)对称结构的关系,讨论了这些结构变化对台风强度的影响以及波动特征与台风强度变化之间的统计相关关系。结果表明:①台风非圆形眼墙的形成与螺旋内雨带的外传理论均已由重力波学说发展为涡旋罗斯贝波学说。涡旋罗斯贝波不仅是螺旋外雨带形成机制之一,还能部分解释台风不对称结构和双眼墙的形成过程。涡旋罗斯贝波对台风强度变化的影响机制复杂,在台风的不同区域(内核/外围)、不同高度或不同发展时期(增强/减弱)产生的波动以及不同波动传播方向(切向/径向),均可对台风强度产生不同影响。②台风重力波的波动特征(振幅、波长、周期和出现频次)与台风强度变化具有相关性,有望成为预判台风增强及快速增强的先兆信号,这源于该波动主要由眼墙和螺旋雨带中的对流所激发,并能实现快速垂直传播。③两类中尺度波动均可驱动台风内部动量和热量径向外传,通过波流相互作用改变局地环流场,并增强台风对称性,进而导致台风增强甚至快速增强。最后提出:涡旋罗斯贝波和台风重力波相关机制的解析,是进一步提高台风精细化风雨分布和强度变化的预报预警能力亟须解决的关键问题。

Current limitations in typhoon forecasting are primarily attributed to insufficient understanding of mesoscale processes. To address this gap, this review synthesizes the current understanding of mesoscale waves in typhoons, including Vortex Rossby Waves (VRWs) and Typhoon-induced Gravity Waves (TGWs). It investigates their generation mechanisms and characteristics, and systematically examines the linkages between these waves and key typhoon structural features, including the eyewall, spiral rainbands, convective intensity, and (a) symmetric structure. Furthermore, the impact of these structural modifications on typhoon intensity is investigated, along with the statistical correlations between wave characteristics and typhoon intensity changes. The results show that: The theoretical frameworks for polygonal eyewall and inner spiral rainband formation have evolved from the TGW approach to that of VRWs. VRWs provide partial explanations for typhoon asymmetric structures and double-eyewall formation while representing one plausible mechanism for outer spiral rainbands. The changes in intensity induced by VRWs manifest through complex processes characterized by differing dynamical responses depending on (i) wave propagation directionality (tangential/radial), (ii) spatial domain (inner-core/outer region) and (iii) levels (mid-lower/upper) at (iv) different periods during the typhoon lifecycle phase (intensification/decay). The wave characteristics of TGWs (including amplitude, wavelength, period, and occurrence frequency) exhibit correlation with changes in typhoon intensity. TGWs, primarily excited by convection in the eyewall and spiral rainbands and rapidly propagating vertically, may serve as precursor signals for typhoon (rapid) intensification. Both VRWs and TGWs can drive the outward radial transport of momentum and heat within typhoons. Through wave-mean flow interactions, they modify local circulation and enhance typhoon symmetry, ultimately contributing to typhoon intensification (including rapid intensification). Some scientific challenges remain in applying VRWs and TGWs to improve fine-scale wind/precipitation distributions and advance the forecasting of changes in typhoon intensity. Current research underscores the necessity of integrating high-resolution numerical simulations with multi-platform coordinated observations to quantitatively analyze mesoscale wave-typhoon interactions, thereby identifying precursor signals for typhoon intensification, including rapid intensification. Tools such as wave spectrum analysis and wave energy flux diagnostics are instrumental in extracting early-warning indicators from both wave characteristics and energy transport perspectives. Advances in satellite and radar detection technologies will enable the validation of theoretical frameworks through multi-platform observational data, ultimately enhancing monitoring and forecasting capabilities for typhoon structural and intensity changes.

中图分类号: 

图1 基于温州S波段业务雷达水平反射率因子波数分解的台风“利奇马”外眼墙受涡旋罗斯贝波影响过程分析62 (a)、(c)分别为波数2、波数1径向变化随时间演变(填色),白色虚线指示内眼墙外边缘,黑色实线指示多次外传过程;(b)外眼墙外侧波数2正位相的时间演变(填色)、外眼墙内侧波数1正位相的时间演变(等值线),红(蓝)色实线指示涡旋罗斯贝波传播过程,空(实)心表示波动外传起(止),UL、UR、DR、DL分别表示逆风切左侧、逆风切右侧、顺风切右侧、顺风切左侧;(d)外眼墙波数1能量时间演变。
Fig. 1 The process of the outer eyewall of typhoon Lekima being affected by Vortex Rossby Waves: spectral analysis of horizontal reflectivity using S-band operational radar data in Wenzhou62 The radius-time Hovmöller diagram of (a) wavenumber-2 and (c) wavenumber-1 (shading), the white dashed line indicates the outer edge of the inner eyewal, the thick black solid lines track the outward propagation of the wavenumber-2 asymmetries. (b) The azimuth-time Hovmöller diagram of wavenumber-1 reflectivity (contour) outside the outer eyewall and wavenumber-2 reflectivity inside the outer eyewall (shading). The thick blue and red solid lines track the rotation of the wavenumber-1 and -2 asymmetries, respectively. Hollow circles and solid dots indicate the start and end of the azimuthal propagation of the VRWs, respectively. UL, UR, DR, and DL respectively denote the upper shear left side, upper shear right side, lower shear right side, and lower shear left side. (d) The time series of wavenumber-1 reflectivity power radially averaged in the outer eyewall.
图2 涡旋罗斯贝波用于解释双眼墙形成 (a)飓风“Rita”和“Katrina”中对流产生位涡(PV)的径向分布示意图,在“Rita”的内眼墙和外眼墙之间的区域没有涡旋罗斯贝波传播,这表明波不是双眼墙形成的贡献因素68;飓风(b)“Katrina”和(c)“Rita”的850 hPa位涡拟能69
Fig. 2 The role of vortex Rossby waves in double eyewall formation (a) Schematics of radial distributions of convection, vortex Rossby waves, azimuthally averaged tangential wind speed, Potential Vorticity (PV), and PV generation by convection in Hurricane “Rita” and “Katrina”68. The absence of vortex Rossby wave propagation in the moat region between the primary and secondary eyewalls in Rita, which indicates that the waves are not a contributing factor; PV enstrophy at 850 hPa for Hurricane (b) “Rita” and (c) “Katrina”69.
图3 Aqua卫星高光谱大气红外探测仪AIRS 4.3 μm CO2 波段探测到的平流层台风重力波94 (a)飓风“Fabian”(2003);(b)飓风“Paloma”(2008)。
Fig. 3 Stratospheric Typhoon-induced Gravity WavesTGWsfrom the Atmospheric Infrared SounderAIRS/Aqua 4.3 μm CO2 band 94 (a) Hurricane “Fabian” (2003);(b) Hurricane “Paloma” (2008).
图4 台风强度与重力波特征的相关关系 (a)热带气旋减弱或增强阶段的平流层台风重力波事件数量44,其中MSW表示10分钟最大持续风速;(b)重力波强度(GWI)与最大加热率(MaxHR)、最大地面风速(MSFCW)、最低海平面气压(MSLP)的滞后相关系数 τ 128
Fig. 4 The correlation between typhoon intensity and the characteristics of gravity waves (a) Number of Gravity Waves (GW) events associated with increasing or decreasing MSW (10 min maximum sustained wind)44; (b) The “best” time lag τ between GW Intensity (GWI) and the Maximum Heating Rate (MaxHR), the Maximum Surface Wind speed (MSFCW), and Minimum Sea Level Pressure (MSLP), respectively128.
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