深空探测作为人类探索宇宙奥秘和推动可持续发展的关键途径，已成为空间技术领域最 活跃的战略前沿。经过数十年的发展，该技术已广泛应用于太阳系内各类天体的探测。2015 年2 月，首个以地球为目标的深空探测卫星——深空气象观测卫星（DSCOVR），在日地拉格朗日1 点 （L1）成功部署，为地球系统科学研究提供了新的视角和数据，同时也对传统卫星数据研究提出了 新的挑战。综合分析了自深空气象观测卫星发射以来，美国国家航空航天局（NASA）官方网站发 布的100 余篇相关论文和会议总结，从基础研究、应用研究到特色研究3 个层面，对深空对地观测 的发展现状、优势、未来发展及科学意义进行了综述。研究发现，深空气象观测卫星融合极轨—静 止卫星特性，具高时频、全球覆盖优势，可为多源数据联合使用提供基准，在多圈层宏观地球科学 现象研究中潜力巨大，未来有望通过革新传感器、优化探测技术、丰富观测点位，实现全时相、全方 位、全维度地球观测，助力全面认识地球系统变化规律。

Deep space exploration, serving as a pivotal avenue for uncovering the universe's mysteries and fostering sustainable development, has emerged as the foremost strategic frontier in space technology. After decades of development, this technology has been widely used in the exploration of various celestial bodies in the solar system. In February 2015, the first deep space exploration satellite targeting the Earth, the Deep Space Observatory (DSCOVR), was successfully deployed at the Sun-Earth Lagrange Point 1 (L1), providing new perspectives and data for the study of Earth system science, while also posing new challenges to traditional satellite data research. This paper comprehensively analyzes more than 100 related papers and conference summaries published on the official website of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) since the launch of DSCOVR. From the three levels of basic research, applied research and special research, this paper comprehensively reviews the development status, advantages and future development direction of deep space earth observation. This study reveals that deep space Earth observation can integrate existing satellite-aircraftground systems, establishing a benchmark for multi-source data fusion to create globally comprehensive, highfrequency temporal, and multi-spectral datasets for an integrated Earth observation system. It provides temporally consistent, spatially continuous, and spectrally stable global observation data, showing significant potential in the study of large-scale geophysical phenomena across the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere. Future advancements in sensor innovation, optimized detection technologies, and diversified observation points are expected to enable all-temporal, all-directional, and all-dimensional Earth observation. This will enhance our understanding of physical, chemical, and biological systems on Earth.