长江河口区晚新生代以来沉积化学元素分布及物源指示意义

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2018.05.0506

通过对长江三角洲平原上海浦东机场孔(PD钻孔)沉积物的化学元素分析,结合判别函数和因子分析等手段,探讨了元素富集规律随时间的演变特征,揭示了该区物源的演化过程。研究结果显示,PD钻孔沉积物可以划分为I~V带:I带(上新世—早更新世早期)主要富集Pb,Th,U,Ba,La和Ce等元素,此时长江三角洲逐渐由区域性台地向沉降盆地转变,较封闭的局地物源控制了该区沉积特征;II带(早更新世早期—早更新世中期)中Fe,K,As和Rb含量增高,表明此时长江中游物质加入进来,镇江峡口被切穿;III带(早更新世末期—中更新世)由Ti,V和Cr等主导,这些元素代表了上游峨眉山玄武岩,也表征该区物源进一步扩展至长江上游;IV~V带(中新世末—更新世—全新世)元素特征与III带类似,但以Br高含量为特征,表明此时该区地势进一步降低,并遭受多次海侵。PD钻孔的地球化学资料很好地揭示了在我国东西地势倒转的大背景下古长江溯源侵蚀,逐级切穿峡口的演化历程。结合测年资料,推断长江贯通东流至现今河口地区的时间不晚于1.0~1.2 Ma(III带底部)。

关键词: 化学元素, 河流贯通, 上新世—第四纪沉积物, 长江

This study investigated sediment source to sink relating the channelization of the Yangtze River into the sea. A sediment borehole (PD) on the river coast, penetrating thick Quaternary sediments, to thin sediments of late Pliocene age until the bedrock recorded a change in sediment provenances through time. Geochemical elements and magneto-stratigraphy helped identify five zones. Zone I (the late Pliocene-the Early Pleistocene), characterized by Pb, Th, U, Ba, La, Ce, Nd, Hf, Y, Zr, Nb and Mn, indicated a local sediment provenance. This means that the study area was a localized sub-basin. Zone II (the Early Pleistocene-the mid-stage of Early Pleistocene), with remarkable high Fe, K, As and Rb implied a new sediment provenance joining to the sub-basin from the middle Yangtze reach after the opening of Zhenjiang Gorge. Zone III (the mid-stage of Early Pleistocene-the Middle Pleistocene), featured by Ti, V, Cr, Sr, Sc, Cu, Co, Ni, Mg, Ca, Na and P suggested a further extension of sediment provenance to the upper Yangtze reach, where a large block of the E’mei basalt occurs. This hinted the channelization of the Three Gorges valley linking the upper and middle Yangtze reaches. Zone IV~V (the Middle Pleistocene-the Holocene) showed their geochemical similarity to Zone III. Discrimination ratio f(Cr,Th), f(La) and f(K,La), a new approach developed for tracing sediment provenance, confirmed a basin-wide sediment source through Zone III-V. These together witness a progressive extension of the sediment provenance towards the upper Yangtze reach, corresponding to the long-term tilting effect of the Cenozoic Topographic Reversal of the eastern China continent. The timing of the Yangtze River channelizing into the continental shelf of East Asia appeared at ca. 1.0~1.2 Ma (bottom of Zone III).

Key words: Elemental composition, River channelization, Plio-Quaternary sediments, The Yangtze River.

中图分类号:

P512.2

图1 长江流域地质与地貌概图
(a)长江流域源岩分布(据参考文献[ 3 ]修改);(b)长江河口区钻孔分布;(c)新生代以来中国现代地貌剖面地形变化;(d)新生代以来中国早第三纪地貌剖面地形变化(据参考文献[ 4 ]修改)

Fig.1 Geological and geomorphological details of the Yangtze drainage basin
(a) Source rocks in the Yangtze Basin(modified after reference[3]); (b) The Yangtze Estuary and the sediment boreholes; (c) Cenozoic topographic reversal geomorphologic profile at present in the eastern China coast; (d) Cenozoic topographic reversal geomorphologic profile during the Early Tertiary(modified after reference[4])

图2 长江三峡贯通年代总结 (通过参考文献[1,12,15~40]总结获得)

Fig.2 Channelization time of the Three Gorges summarized from the previous studies (summarized from references[1,12,15~40])

图2 长江三峡贯通年代总结 (通过参考文献[1,12,15~40]总结获得)

Fig.2 Channelization time of the Three Gorges summarized from the previous studies (summarized from references[1,12,15~40])

表1 长江上游、中游、下游物源判断的特征元素

Table 1 Diagnostic geochemical element of the upper, middle and lower Yangtze reaches

区域		特征元素	参考文献
上游地区	峨眉山玄武岩	Ti, V, Cr, Sc	[23,44]
中游地区	汉江	Fe, As, K	[47]
	中游扬子克拉	Th, U, REE	[23,44]
下游地区	下游扬子克拉通	Th, U, REE	[23,44]

表1 长江上游、中游、下游物源判断的特征元素

Table 1 Diagnostic geochemical element of the upper, middle and lower Yangtze reaches

区域		特征元素	参考文献
上游地区	峨眉山玄武岩	Ti, V, Cr, Sc	[23,44]
中游地区	汉江	Fe, As, K	[47]
	中游扬子克拉	Th, U, REE	[23,44]
下游地区	下游扬子克拉通	Th, U, REE	[23,44]

表1 长江上游、中游、下游物源判断的特征元素

Table 1 Diagnostic geochemical element of the upper, middle and lower Yangtze reaches

区域		特征元素	参考文献
上游地区	峨眉山玄武岩	Ti, V, Cr, Sc	[23,44]
中游地区	汉江	Fe, As, K	[47]
	中游扬子克拉	Th, U, REE	[23,44]
下游地区	下游扬子克拉通	Th, U, REE	[23,44]

表1 长江上游、中游、下游物源判断的特征元素

Table 1 Diagnostic geochemical element of the upper, middle and lower Yangtze reaches

区域		特征元素	参考文献
上游地区	峨眉山玄武岩	Ti, V, Cr, Sc	[23,44]
中游地区	汉江	Fe, As, K	[47]
	中游扬子克拉	Th, U, REE	[23,44]
下游地区	下游扬子克拉通	Th, U, REE	[23,44]

图3 长江三角洲磁性地层对比图(据参考文献[ 49 ]修改)
灰色部分表示钻孔底部较低的磁化率区域

Fig.3 Generalized Plio-Quaternary magneto-stratigraphy of the Yangtze Delta (modified after reference[49])
Gray bar marks lower magnetic susceptibility in the bottom of cores

图3 长江三角洲磁性地层对比图(据参考文献[ 49 ]修改)
灰色部分表示钻孔底部较低的磁化率区域

Fig.3 Generalized Plio-Quaternary magneto-stratigraphy of the Yangtze Delta (modified after reference[49])
Gray bar marks lower magnetic susceptibility in the bottom of cores

图4 PD钻孔沉积物Q型聚类与化学元素分布
(a)包括Ti,V,Cr等元素;(b)包括Th和U等元素和判别函数,所有元素Al归一化处理;垂直虚线为全孔平均值;判别函数粗实线为10点平均;I~V带为TILIA软件聚类分析结果

Fig.4 Q-type cluster plot of PD bore and its geochemical distribution
(a) Consists of Ti, V, Cr and other elemental distribution; (b) Consists of Th, U and other elemental distribution, and three discrimination ratios; All elements are normalized by Al; The vertical dashed line denotes the mean values; Bold lines in discrimination ratios are ten points moving average; Five zones of I~V are established by cluster analysis of TILIA

图5 PD钻孔沉积物特征元素因子分析与样品载荷散点图
(a)6个特征元素的因子分析;(b)PD钻孔样品特征元素的载荷散点图

Fig.5 Factor analysis for the diagnostic elements and the loading distribution of samples in the PD core
(a) Factor analysis for the diagnostic elements of Ti,V,Cr,Sc, Th and U in PD core; (b) The loading of the diagnostic elements of PD core on F1 and F2

图5 PD钻孔沉积物特征元素因子分析与样品载荷散点图
(a)6个特征元素的因子分析;(b)PD钻孔样品特征元素的载荷散点图

图6 PD钻孔物源演化模式图

Fig.6 Sketch map of PD core provenance evolution

图6 PD钻孔物源演化模式图

Fig.6 Sketch map of PD core provenance evolution

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Geochemical Finger Prints on China’s Yangtze River Channelization into the Sea and Its Provenance Implications