长江三角洲晚第四纪地层沉积特征与生物气成藏条件分析

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2015.05.0589

对长江三角洲晚第四纪地层沉积特征进行了精细研究,探讨了研究区层序地层格架,在此基础上分析了浅层生物气成藏条件、特征和分布规律。研究表明,长江三角洲晚第四纪发育3期下切河谷,形成了3套沉积层序;因后期河流的强烈下切破坏,早期沉积层序往往被剥蚀殆尽,仅残留下部的河床相粗粒沉积,造成不同期河床相的叠置;相对而言,末次冰期以来形成的下切河谷沉积层序以相对完整的沉积相组合被保存下来。长江三角洲浅层天然气是未经运移的原生生物气,其主要富集于末次冰期以来的沉积层序内,气藏为自生自储同生型的岩性圈闭。河口湾—河漫滩和浅海相泥质沉积物既是气源岩,又是盖层,后者可作为良好的区域盖层;河口湾—河漫滩和河床相砂质沉积物为主要储集层。因此,研究区晚第四纪多期下切河谷沉积层序有利于浅层生物气藏的形成,特别是晚期下切河谷内河口湾—河漫滩相砂质透镜体以及河床相砂体可作为优先勘探目标。

关键词: 沉积特征, 成藏特征, 浅层生物气, 长江三角洲, 晚第四纪

This paper deals with the characteristics, distribution pattern, and accumulation features of the late Quaternary shallowbiogenic gas in the Changjiang River delta area based on the detailed analysis of sedimentary characteristics, facies, and sequence stratigraphic framework, and organic geochemistry. The results show that there are three episodes of incised valley developing in the study area, resulting in the formation of distinct sedimentary sequences. The early two systems are incomplete due to the late strong incision and erosion, and are characterized by the superposition of fluvial sediments; while the last postglacial sequence is relatively complete with different sedimentary facies assemblages. The shallow gas in the study area has a biogenic origin, and the gas reservoir belongs to a syngenetic type of self-generating and self-reservoir. The muddy clay and silty clay of estuary-floodplain and shallow marine facies occur as both gas source and cap sediments, and the muddy clay of the shallow marine facies can be used as good regional cap beds. As main biogenic gas reservoirs, the sand sediments of estuary-floodplain and fluvial channel facies distributed within the incised valleys. The study area and its adjacent area are characterized by several times of incised valleys, in favor of the development of gas source, cap and reservoir sediments. As a consequence, the incised valley is the most favorable zone for the shallow-biogenic gas exploration, and the sand bodies of estuary-floodplain and fluvial channels especially the former within the incised valleys have the high priority of exploration.

Key words: Sedimentary characteristics, Accumulation features, Shallow-biogenic gas, Changjiang River delta, Late Quaternary.

中图分类号:

图1 长江三角洲的分区图 (修改自文献[ 28 ]) I.三角洲主体;II.三角洲南翼,II₁.南翼前缘,II₂.南翼后缘;III.三角洲北翼,III₁.北翼前缘,III₂.北翼后缘

Fig. 1 Subdivision of the Changjiang River delta area (modified from reference [ 28 ]) I.The main body of delta; II.The south margin of delta; II₁.The front edge of south margin; II₂.The trailing edge of south margin; III.The north margin of delta; III₁.The front edge of north margin; III₂.The trailing edge of north margin

图2 长江三角洲晚第四纪N-S剖面地质图 (修改自文献[31]) ¹⁴C测年 a：(5 750±150) a BP,11.70 m;b：(11 030±1230) a BP,38.80 m;c：(34 900±960) a BP,94.50 m

Fig.2 Late Quaternary geological section (N-S) in Changjiang River delta area (modified from reference [31]) ¹⁴C age a: (5 750±150) a BP, 11.70 m; b: (11 030±1230 )a BP, 38.80 m: c: (34 900±960) a BP, 94.50 m

图3 长江三角洲启东地区ZK01孔综合柱状图

Fig. 3 The columnar section of ZK01 borehole in the Qidong area, Changjiang River delta

图4 长江三角洲启东地区ZK01孔沉积特征（a）末次冰期以来沉积层序底部层序界面 (红线所示,83.4 m),a:晚第四纪中期 (40—20 kyr B.P) 河漫滩淡褐色黏土,b:末次盛冰期以来河床相灰黄色砾质粗砂;(b)河漫滩相,a:青灰色粉砂质砂,b:灰色黏土;(c)河口湾相,a:灰白色细砂,b:灰色黏土;(d)浅海相,深灰色淤泥质黏土夹灰色粉砂薄层;(e)三角洲相,a:青灰色粉砂质细砂,b:灰黄色黏土薄层

Fig. 3 Selected photographs of typical sedimentary characteristics from ZK01 borehole in Qidong area, Changjiang River delta （a）The sequence boundary of last postglacial sedimentary sequence indicated by the red line, 83.4 m. a: the light brown floodplain clay sediments during the medium period of late Quaternary (40-20 kyr B.P); b:the grayish yellow gravelly coarse sand of fluvial channel facies since last postglaciation. (b)Floodplain facies. a: the gray silty sand, and b :the gray clay. (c)Estuary facies. a: gray fine sand, b:gray clay. (d)The dark gray muddy clay interbedded by gray silt of shallow marine facies. (e)Delta facies. a: the gray silty fine sand, and b: the grayish yellow clay sediments

表1 长江三角洲浅层天然气化学组分及甲烷碳同位素特征

Table 1 Chemical composition and methane carbon isotope characteristics of the shallow-biogenic gas in Changjiang River delta area

地区	静力触探井	深度 /m	化学组分/mol %							δ¹³C₁ /‰ PDB
地区	静力触探井	深度 /m	CH₄	C₂H₆	CO₂		CO	N₂	O₂	δ¹³C₁ /‰ PDB
启东	CT00	20	87.69	0.00	3.23		0.00	9.07	0.00	-71.7
	CT08	40	97.73	0.00		1.25	0.00	1.02	0.00	-72.3
	CT11	62	98.05	0.00		1.20	0.00	0.75	0.00	-70.2
	CT00	70	96.23	0.00		1.81	0.00	1.96	0.00	-72.2
	CT08	70	95.12	0.00		1.14	0.00	3.73	0.00	-75.8
	CT14	69~70	23.55	0.00		1.54	10.93	63.99	0.00	-67.7
海门	CTHM02	49	96.49	0.00	1.41		0.00	2.11	0.00	-70.6
	CTHM01	50	97.61	0.00		0.98	0.00	1.41	0.00	-71.0
	CTHM02	61	97.17	0.00		1.82	0.00	1.01	0.00	-68.9

表1 长江三角洲浅层天然气化学组分及甲烷碳同位素特征

Table 1 Chemical composition and methane carbon isotope characteristics of the shallow-biogenic gas in Changjiang River delta area

地区	静力触探井	深度 /m	化学组分/mol %							δ¹³C₁ /‰ PDB
地区	静力触探井	深度 /m	CH₄	C₂H₆	CO₂		CO	N₂	O₂	δ¹³C₁ /‰ PDB
启东	CT00	20	87.69	0.00	3.23		0.00	9.07	0.00	-71.7
	CT08	40	97.73	0.00		1.25	0.00	1.02	0.00	-72.3
	CT11	62	98.05	0.00		1.20	0.00	0.75	0.00	-70.2
	CT00	70	96.23	0.00		1.81	0.00	1.96	0.00	-72.2
	CT08	70	95.12	0.00		1.14	0.00	3.73	0.00	-75.8
	CT14	69~70	23.55	0.00		1.54	10.93	63.99	0.00	-67.7
海门	CTHM02	49	96.49	0.00	1.41		0.00	2.11	0.00	-70.6
	CTHM01	50	97.61	0.00		0.98	0.00	1.41	0.00	-71.0
	CTHM02	61	97.17	0.00		1.82	0.00	1.01	0.00	-68.9

表2 长江三角洲晚第四纪不同沉积环境中的泥质沉积物有机质丰度

Table 2 Organic abundance of late Quaternary muddy sediments from different sedimentary environments in Changjiang River area

埋深/m	岩性	沉积环境	有机碳 /%			氯仿沥青“A” /(mg/L)
埋深/m	岩性	沉积环境	最小值	最大值	平均值	最小值	最大值	平均值
16.5~23.1	褐色、灰黄色黏土	三角洲	0.17	0.33	0.24(4)	45	133	82(3)
20.3~57.4	深灰色淤泥质黏土	浅海	0.14	0.61	0.38(39)	32	247	78(37)
36.7~89.8	灰色黏土及粉砂质黏土	河口湾—河漫滩	0.20	0.61	0.42(35)	13	131	70(33)

表2 长江三角洲晚第四纪不同沉积环境中的泥质沉积物有机质丰度

Table 2 Organic abundance of late Quaternary muddy sediments from different sedimentary environments in Changjiang River area

埋深/m	岩性	沉积环境	有机碳 /%			氯仿沥青“A” /(mg/L)
埋深/m	岩性	沉积环境	最小值	最大值	平均值	最小值	最大值	平均值
16.5~23.1	褐色、灰黄色黏土	三角洲	0.17	0.33	0.24(4)	45	133	82(3)
20.3~57.4	深灰色淤泥质黏土	浅海	0.14	0.61	0.38(39)	32	247	78(37)
36.7~89.8	灰色黏土及粉砂质黏土	河口湾—河漫滩	0.20	0.61	0.42(35)	13	131	70(33)

图5 长江三角洲晚第四纪浅层生物气气源岩不溶有机质演化轨迹

Fig. 5 Organic types and their evolution paths for the source sediments of late Quaternary shallow-biogenic gas in Changjiang River delta area

表3 长江三角洲晚第四纪浅层生物气气源岩热解

Table 3 Pyrolysis parameters of source sediments for the late Quaternary shallow-biogenic gas in the Changjiang River area

井位	埋深 /m	沉积环境	产气潜率 /(kg/t)	烃指数 /(mg/g)	氢指数 /(mg/g)	产烃指数S1/S1+S2	降解率 /%	最大热解温度/℃
ZK01井	24.70	浅海相	0.09	6.50	22.74	0.22	2.43	463
	48.00	浅海相	0.16	6.96	30.15	0.19	3.08	394
	63.70	河口湾—河漫滩相	0.19	11.16	31.25	0.26	3.52	424
	74.10		0.19	1.53	27.60	0.05	2.42	416
	89.80		0.14	3.30	19.80	0.14	1.92	413
ZK02井	16.5	三角洲相	0.06	5.79	28.94	0.17	2.88	375
	29.2	浅海相	0.08	2.28	15.97	0.13	1.51	429
	40.90	河口湾—河漫滩相	0.18	7.06	35.30	0.17	3.52	387
	45.10		0.18	8.50	42.28	0.17	4.23	439
	84.90		0.09	3.48	12.18	0.22	1.30	430

表3 长江三角洲晚第四纪浅层生物气气源岩热解

Table 3 Pyrolysis parameters of source sediments for the late Quaternary shallow-biogenic gas in the Changjiang River area

井位	埋深 /m	沉积环境	产气潜率 /(kg/t)	烃指数 /(mg/g)	氢指数 /(mg/g)	产烃指数S1/S1+S2	降解率 /%	最大热解温度/℃
ZK01井	24.70	浅海相	0.09	6.50	22.74	0.22	2.43	463
	48.00	浅海相	0.16	6.96	30.15	0.19	3.08	394
	63.70	河口湾—河漫滩相	0.19	11.16	31.25	0.26	3.52	424
	74.10		0.19	1.53	27.60	0.05	2.42	416
	89.80		0.14	3.30	19.80	0.14	1.92	413
ZK02井	16.5	三角洲相	0.06	5.79	28.94	0.17	2.88	375
	29.2	浅海相	0.08	2.28	15.97	0.13	1.51	429
	40.90	河口湾—河漫滩相	0.18	7.06	35.30	0.17	3.52	387
	45.10		0.18	8.50	42.28	0.17	4.23	439
	84.90		0.09	3.48	12.18	0.22	1.30	430

图6 长江三角洲启东地区静力触探曲线解释图 (a)为剖面图;(b)为钻孔平面分布图

Fig. 6 Profile across the Qidong shallow-biogenic gas area based on static-sounding boreholes, Changjiang River delta (a) Profile showing the facies distribution; (b)Plan view of the static-sounding boreholes

表4 启东地区ZK01孔生物气直接盖层、间接盖层和储层变水头渗透率实验测试结果

Table 4 The tested permeabilities of direct cap beds, indirect cap beds and the reservoirs in the ZK01 borehole, Changjiang River delta area

地层	埋深/m	岩相及岩性	垂直渗透率/mD
地层	埋深/m	岩相及岩性	最小值	最大值	平均值
间接盖层	34.96 ~ 57.04	浅海淤泥质黏土	0.05	0.59	0.23 (6)
直接盖层	63.20 ~ 69.14	河口湾—河漫滩粉砂质黏土	0.05	0.48	0.27 (2)
储层	63.00 ~ 64.39	河口湾—河漫滩砂	122.88	211.54	167.21 (2)
储层	71.10 ~ 82.14	河床砂	66.99	4039.75	1060.45 (5)

表4 启东地区ZK01孔生物气直接盖层、间接盖层和储层变水头渗透率实验测试结果

Table 4 The tested permeabilities of direct cap beds, indirect cap beds and the reservoirs in the ZK01 borehole, Changjiang River delta area

地层	埋深/m	岩相及岩性	垂直渗透率/mD
地层	埋深/m	岩相及岩性	最小值	最大值	平均值
间接盖层	34.96 ~ 57.04	浅海淤泥质黏土	0.05	0.59	0.23 (6)
直接盖层	63.20 ~ 69.14	河口湾—河漫滩粉砂质黏土	0.05	0.48	0.27 (2)
储层	63.00 ~ 64.39	河口湾—河漫滩砂	122.88	211.54	167.21 (2)
储层	71.10 ~ 82.14	河床砂	66.99	4039.75	1060.45 (5)

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Sedimentary Characteristics and Accumulation Conditions of Shallow-biogenic Gas for the Late Quaternary Sediments in the Changjiang River Delta Area