复合流沉积特征的谱系研究现状及其理论框架

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2021.041

复合流由单向流和振荡流叠加而成，属于不同流体相互作用范畴，其研究起源于水槽实验中对复合流波痕的观察，一开始便和沉积学结合在一起。复合流沉积对于复杂水动力条件下的沉积学研究具有非常重要的意义，是目前确定沉积岩沉积时流体相互作用的主要依据。以现有复合流文献为基础，从复合流底床形态与垂向序列谱系、沉积效应与层理构造谱系和泥质底床上的层面构造谱系等3个方面进行了总结。复合流沉积特征受单向流速度和振荡流速度的双重控制，各底床形态及相关的纹层构造均表现出从对称到不对称的连续变化，其不对称程度随单向流速度的增大而增加。垂向序列介于单向衰弱流悬浮沉积和双向振荡流悬浮沉积之间，鲍玛序列和风暴序列是其两个端元类型。复合流沉积虽然以粉砂和细砂颗粒为主，但是在较粗的颗粒中（如扁平砾屑）也可以形成特殊的颗粒组构。在层面构造中，由于单向流和振荡流速度的变化（包括大小和叠加方向）在泥质底床上也会形成不同的底痕谱系。因此，对复合流沉积的研究，将是注重振荡流与单向流相互作用的沉积过程研究，从而有别于传统沉积学在不同沉积环境下的模式研究。

关键词: 复合流沉积, 单向流, 振荡流, 沉积特征, 沉积过程

Combined flows belong to the interaction between different flows， common with both a unidirectional and an oscillatory component， which were first investigated in flume experiments associated with sedimentology. Deposits of combined flows have great significance in the study of sedimentology in a complex hydrodynamic system， which includes the main evidence for the interaction between different sedimentary flows in rocks. Here we review the deposits of combined-flow from three sections based on present literatures： bed configurations and series of vertical sequences； sedimentary effects of flow and series of cross-bedding structures； and sole marks on muddy substrate. The characteristics of combined-flow deposits are controlled by velocities of unidirectional and oscillatory flow， therefore both the bed configurations and related laminated structures have a continuous variation from symmetric to asymmetric form， and become more asymmetric as the unidirectional flow velocity increases. The vertical sequence is between the vertical stratification produced by suspension of purely unidirectional flow and oscillatory flow， and Bouma sequence and tempestite sequence are their end-member cases， respectively. Although the combined-flow deposits are mainly composed of silt and fine-grained sand， some special granular fabric is produced in coarser particles such as plate-like intraclasts. Different spectrum of sole surfaces on muddy substrate is also formed among bed side sedimentary structures because of the variable velocities （including magnitude and superposition direction） of unidirectional and oscillatory flows. Therefore， in the future research area of combined-flow deposits， sedimentary processes research of the interaction of unidirectional and oscillatory flows should be paid much attention， rather than sedimentary mode research for traditional sedimentology based on the various sedimentary environment.

Key words: Combined-flow deposits, Unidirectional-flow, Oscillatory-flow, Sedimentary Characteristics, Deposition processes

中图分类号:

P512.2

图1 复合流底床形态相图与垂向序列^{[

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(a)复合流底床形态相图，实线由水槽实验结果绘出，短虚线为推测界线 ^{[

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]}；(b)和(c)复合流沉积示意图 ^{[

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]}；(d)、(e)和(f)特殊路径复合流沉积垂向序列 ^{[

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]}，(d)为(a)中的路径1，(e)为(a)中的路径2，(f)为(a)中的路径3；NM:无颗粒移动，流体能量在主要颗粒移动门限之下，对应于鲍玛序列中的上平行层理段；CR:流水波痕；S2D:小型2D波痕；SS3D:对称小型3D波痕；AS3D:不对称小型3D波痕；SLR:对称大型3D波痕；ALR:不对称大型3D波痕；PB:平行层理（含准平行层理）；CFR:复合流层理；HCS:丘状交错层理（含似丘状交错层理）；MG: 块状层或粒序层；M: 泥质层（静水或近静水沉积）； Uw:振荡流速度； Uc:单向流速度

Fig.1 The bed-phase graph and vertical stratification sequences of combined-flow^{[

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(a)The bed-phase graph of combined-flow, solid line based on the flume experiment, short dashed line extend the experiment result ^{[

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]}; (b)and(c)Cartoon for deposition of combined flow ^{[

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]}; (d),(e) and (f) Vertical sequence of combined-flow for designation decelerating path ^{[

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]}, which is the path one, two, and three in (a) respectively; NM:No Movement, the flow energy is below transport threshold of main grains, correspond to plane bed of Bouma “d” division; CR:Current Ripples; S2D:Small 2D (two:Dimension) Ripples; SS3D:Symmetrical Small 3D (three:Dimension) Ripples; AS3D:Asymmetrical Small 3D Ripples; SLR:Symmetrical Large 3D Ripples; ALR:Asymmetrical Large 3D Ripples; PB:Plane Bed (include quasi:Planar lamination); CFR:Combined-Flow Ripple laminations; HCS:Hummocky Cross Stratification (include hummocky: Like cross stratification); MG: Massive or Graded bed; M:Mud bed (in-stu or close to in-stu deposits); Uw:Oscillatory current velocity; Uc:Unidirectional current velocity

表1 复合流波痕的类型与特征 ^{[

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Table 1 Types and characteristics of combined-flow ripples ^{[

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]}

波痕类型			定义	特征
流水波痕			波峰和波谷均较圆滑，呈不对称状，陡坡倾向指示水流方向	平均波长约35 cm，平均波高1.5 cm，各波痕指数平均值分别为：RI=12，RSI=1.9，RDI=0.5
小型2D波痕			规则波痕，具有平直且侧向连续的波脊，波峰尖锐、波谷圆滑，与流向垂直	波长小于振荡流轨迹直径，平均长度约23 cm，平均波高约3.7 cm，6≤RI≤14，平均为10，RSI≈1，RDI平均0.38
3D波痕	小型	对称	与小型2D波痕类似，平面上呈三维形态，具有弯曲至不规则的波脊，波谷可出现剥蚀现象，波长一般为10~50 cm	平均波长21 cm，波高3.1 cm，各波痕指数平均值分别为：RI=7，RSI=1.1，RDI=0.42
	小型	不对称	与小型2D波痕类似，平面上呈三维形态，具有弯曲至不规则的波脊，波谷可出现剥蚀现象，波长一般为10~50 cm	平均波长22 cm，波高变化较大，平均2.5 cm，4≤RI≤11，平均为8，RSI平均1.5~1.9，RDI平均0.59
	大型	对称	具有尖锐的波峰、宽缓而圆滑的波谷以及平直的迎流面，波脊弯曲连续或平直断续，常具有波脊分岔现象	其上常叠置有小型波痕，波长一般大于50 cm，8≤RI≤26，平均为13，1.0≤RSI≤1.9，平均为1.3，0.4≤RDI≤0.7，平均为0.5
	大型	不对称	具有突变边界而形态模糊的波峰、深的波谷和圆滑的迎流面，平面上波脊形态多变，从弯曲连续到不规则，无平直波脊	其上常叠置有小型波痕，波长一般大于50 cm，7≤RI≤19，平均为10，1.5≤RSI≤9.0，平均为3.3， RDI≥0.6，平均为0.7
丘状（似丘状）底床			与大型3D波痕类似，具有特征性的宽广而圆滑的波峰，无突变的崩落点，平面上呈孤立的三维丘状形态	7≤RI≤26，平均为13，0.4≤RDI≤0.9，RSI介于对称3D波痕和不对称3D波痕之间，平均为2.4

表1 复合流波痕的类型与特征 ^{[

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,

2
,

32
]}

Table 1 Types and characteristics of combined-flow ripples ^{[

1
,

2
,

32
]}

波痕类型			定义	特征
流水波痕			波峰和波谷均较圆滑，呈不对称状，陡坡倾向指示水流方向	平均波长约35 cm，平均波高1.5 cm，各波痕指数平均值分别为：RI=12，RSI=1.9，RDI=0.5
小型2D波痕			规则波痕，具有平直且侧向连续的波脊，波峰尖锐、波谷圆滑，与流向垂直	波长小于振荡流轨迹直径，平均长度约23 cm，平均波高约3.7 cm，6≤RI≤14，平均为10，RSI≈1，RDI平均0.38
3D波痕	小型	对称	与小型2D波痕类似，平面上呈三维形态，具有弯曲至不规则的波脊，波谷可出现剥蚀现象，波长一般为10~50 cm	平均波长21 cm，波高3.1 cm，各波痕指数平均值分别为：RI=7，RSI=1.1，RDI=0.42
	小型	不对称	与小型2D波痕类似，平面上呈三维形态，具有弯曲至不规则的波脊，波谷可出现剥蚀现象，波长一般为10~50 cm	平均波长22 cm，波高变化较大，平均2.5 cm，4≤RI≤11，平均为8，RSI平均1.5~1.9，RDI平均0.59
	大型	对称	具有尖锐的波峰、宽缓而圆滑的波谷以及平直的迎流面，波脊弯曲连续或平直断续，常具有波脊分岔现象	其上常叠置有小型波痕，波长一般大于50 cm，8≤RI≤26，平均为13，1.0≤RSI≤1.9，平均为1.3，0.4≤RDI≤0.7，平均为0.5
	大型	不对称	具有突变边界而形态模糊的波峰、深的波谷和圆滑的迎流面，平面上波脊形态多变，从弯曲连续到不规则，无平直波脊	其上常叠置有小型波痕，波长一般大于50 cm，7≤RI≤19，平均为10，1.5≤RSI≤9.0，平均为3.3， RDI≥0.6，平均为0.7
丘状（似丘状）底床			与大型3D波痕类似，具有特征性的宽广而圆滑的波峰，无突变的崩落点，平面上呈孤立的三维丘状形态	7≤RI≤26，平均为13，0.4≤RDI≤0.9，RSI介于对称3D波痕和不对称3D波痕之间，平均为2.4

表1 复合流波痕的类型与特征 ^{[

1
,

2
,

32
]}

Table 1 Types and characteristics of combined-flow ripples ^{[

1
,

2
,

32
]}

波痕类型			定义	特征
流水波痕			波峰和波谷均较圆滑，呈不对称状，陡坡倾向指示水流方向	平均波长约35 cm，平均波高1.5 cm，各波痕指数平均值分别为：RI=12，RSI=1.9，RDI=0.5
小型2D波痕			规则波痕，具有平直且侧向连续的波脊，波峰尖锐、波谷圆滑，与流向垂直	波长小于振荡流轨迹直径，平均长度约23 cm，平均波高约3.7 cm，6≤RI≤14，平均为10，RSI≈1，RDI平均0.38
3D波痕	小型	对称	与小型2D波痕类似，平面上呈三维形态，具有弯曲至不规则的波脊，波谷可出现剥蚀现象，波长一般为10~50 cm	平均波长21 cm，波高3.1 cm，各波痕指数平均值分别为：RI=7，RSI=1.1，RDI=0.42
	小型	不对称	与小型2D波痕类似，平面上呈三维形态，具有弯曲至不规则的波脊，波谷可出现剥蚀现象，波长一般为10~50 cm	平均波长22 cm，波高变化较大，平均2.5 cm，4≤RI≤11，平均为8，RSI平均1.5~1.9，RDI平均0.59
	大型	对称	具有尖锐的波峰、宽缓而圆滑的波谷以及平直的迎流面，波脊弯曲连续或平直断续，常具有波脊分岔现象	其上常叠置有小型波痕，波长一般大于50 cm，8≤RI≤26，平均为13，1.0≤RSI≤1.9，平均为1.3，0.4≤RDI≤0.7，平均为0.5
	大型	不对称	具有突变边界而形态模糊的波峰、深的波谷和圆滑的迎流面，平面上波脊形态多变，从弯曲连续到不规则，无平直波脊	其上常叠置有小型波痕，波长一般大于50 cm，7≤RI≤19，平均为10，1.5≤RSI≤9.0，平均为3.3， RDI≥0.6，平均为0.7
丘状（似丘状）底床			与大型3D波痕类似，具有特征性的宽广而圆滑的波峰，无突变的崩落点，平面上呈孤立的三维丘状形态	7≤RI≤26，平均为13，0.4≤RDI≤0.9，RSI介于对称3D波痕和不对称3D波痕之间，平均为2.4

表1 复合流波痕的类型与特征 ^{[

1
,

2
,

32
]}

Table 1 Types and characteristics of combined-flow ripples ^{[

1
,

2
,

32
]}

波痕类型			定义	特征
流水波痕			波峰和波谷均较圆滑，呈不对称状，陡坡倾向指示水流方向	平均波长约35 cm，平均波高1.5 cm，各波痕指数平均值分别为：RI=12，RSI=1.9，RDI=0.5
小型2D波痕			规则波痕，具有平直且侧向连续的波脊，波峰尖锐、波谷圆滑，与流向垂直	波长小于振荡流轨迹直径，平均长度约23 cm，平均波高约3.7 cm，6≤RI≤14，平均为10，RSI≈1，RDI平均0.38
3D波痕	小型	对称	与小型2D波痕类似，平面上呈三维形态，具有弯曲至不规则的波脊，波谷可出现剥蚀现象，波长一般为10~50 cm	平均波长21 cm，波高3.1 cm，各波痕指数平均值分别为：RI=7，RSI=1.1，RDI=0.42
	小型	不对称	与小型2D波痕类似，平面上呈三维形态，具有弯曲至不规则的波脊，波谷可出现剥蚀现象，波长一般为10~50 cm	平均波长22 cm，波高变化较大，平均2.5 cm，4≤RI≤11，平均为8，RSI平均1.5~1.9，RDI平均0.59
	大型	对称	具有尖锐的波峰、宽缓而圆滑的波谷以及平直的迎流面，波脊弯曲连续或平直断续，常具有波脊分岔现象	其上常叠置有小型波痕，波长一般大于50 cm，8≤RI≤26，平均为13，1.0≤RSI≤1.9，平均为1.3，0.4≤RDI≤0.7，平均为0.5
	大型	不对称	具有突变边界而形态模糊的波峰、深的波谷和圆滑的迎流面，平面上波脊形态多变，从弯曲连续到不规则，无平直波脊	其上常叠置有小型波痕，波长一般大于50 cm，7≤RI≤19，平均为10，1.5≤RSI≤9.0，平均为3.3， RDI≥0.6，平均为0.7
丘状（似丘状）底床			与大型3D波痕类似，具有特征性的宽广而圆滑的波峰，无突变的崩落点，平面上呈孤立的三维丘状形态	7≤RI≤26，平均为13，0.4≤RDI≤0.9，RSI介于对称3D波痕和不对称3D波痕之间，平均为2.4

图2 洼状交错层理纹层充填谱系示意图^{[

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(a)槽状交错层；(b)和(c)中间形态；(d)对称充填

Fig.2 Schematic drawing showing a continuous spectrum of cross-strata in swaley cross-stratification^{[

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(a)Trough cross-strata; (b) and (c)Intermediate morphology; (d)Symmetrically filled swale

图2 洼状交错层理纹层充填谱系示意图^{[

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(a)槽状交错层；(b)和(c)中间形态；(d)对称充填

图3 复合流作用下内碎屑沉积示意图^{[

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（a）~（d）底床瞬时剪切应力(近底床流速)与板状内碎屑运动的关系；（a）脉动流示意图，单向流和波动传播方向相反， Uc<0, | Uc|>| Uw|；（b）底床剪切力较小时板状内碎屑的滑动；（c) 底床剪切力较大时板状内碎屑的旋转；（d) 底床剪切力逐渐减小时前期形成的粗糙底床滑动挤压形成直立或大角度倾斜的砾屑堆积；（e）内碎屑层几何形态横向变化野外素描图； Uc：单向流速度； Uw：振荡流速度； T：波动周期；FS：扇形扁立组构；C：杂乱扁立组构

Fig.3 Sketch for deposition of intraclasts under combined-flow^{[

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(a)~(d) Relationship between instantaneous bed shear stress (near bed velocity) and movement of plate-like intraclasts;(a) Sketch for pulsating current, unidirectional current has an opposite direction of wave propagation, Uc<0, | Uc|>| Uw|;(b) Slide of plate-like intraclasts under lower bed shear stress;(c) Rotation of plate-like intraclasts under high bed shear stress;(d) Formation of near vertical or steeply inclined orientations from the sliding extrusion of preceding rough bed as the bed shear stress decreasing;(e)Field sketch of the lateral variation in bedding geometry of intraclast layers; Uc:Unidirectional current velocity; Uw: Oscillatory current velocity; T:Wave period; FS:Fan-Shaped edgewise fabric; C:Chaotic edgewise fabric

图4 泥质底床上复合流底痕谱系及形成机制^{[

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(a)槽痕；(b)纵向冲刷痕；(c)阶梯状冲刷痕；(d)复合流工具痕；(e)丘状和洼状底床；(f)波痕（垂直叠加）；(g)复合流底痕形成机制示意图；A、B和C：流体与相应的底痕

Fig 4 spectrum of sole surfaces on muddy substrate of combined-flow ^{[

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(a) Flute marks;(b) Longiludinal scours;(c) Step-like scours;(d) Combined-flow tool marking;(e) Hummocks and swales;(f) Ripple marks (perpendicular superposition);(g) Mechanisms for the origin of some of the sole marks in combined-flow;A, B and C:Sole marks and its generation flow

图5 复合流沉积研究理论框架图
(a)复合流分类；(b)对称共轴叠加沉积特征谱系框架图

Fig.5 Frame chart for the study of combined-flow deposits
(a)The classification of combined-flow; (b)Frame chart for sedimentary characteristic series of co-linear superimposed symmetrical wave and unidirectional current

图5 复合流沉积研究理论框架图
(a)复合流分类；(b)对称共轴叠加沉积特征谱系框架图

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Current Situation of Combined-flow Deposition for Sedimentary Characteristic Series and Its Theory Frame Work