黑河流域遥感—地面观测同步试验：科学目标与试验方案

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2008.09.0897

介绍了黑河流域遥感—地面观测同步试验的科学背景、科学问题、研究目标以及观测试验方案和观测系统布置。总体目标是，开展航空—卫星遥感与地面观测同步试验，为发展流域科学积累基础数据；发展能够融合多源遥感观测的流域尺度陆面数据同化系统，为实现卫星遥感对流域的动态监测提供方法和范例。以具备鲜明的高寒与干旱区伴生为主要特征的黑河流域为试验区，以水循环为主要研究对象，利用航空遥感、卫星遥感、地面雷达、水文气象观测、通量观测、生态监测等相关设备，开展航空、卫星和地面配合的大型观测试验，精细观测干旱区内陆河流域高山冰雪和冻土带、山区水源涵养林带、中游人工绿洲及天然荒漠绿洲带的水循环和生态过程的各个分量；并且以航空遥感为桥梁，通过高精度的真实性验证，发展尺度转换方法，改善从卫星遥感资料反演和间接估计水循环各分量及与之密切联系的生态和其他地表过程分量的模型和算法。由寒区水文试验、森林水文试验和干旱区水文试验，以及一个集成研究——模拟平台和数据平台建设组成。拟观测的变量划分为5大类，分别是水文与生态变量、驱动数据、植被参数、土壤参数和空气动力参数。同步试验在流域尺度、重点试验区、加密观测区和观测小区4个尺度上展开。布置了加密的地面同步观测、通量和气象水文观测、降雨、径流及其他水文要素观测网络；使用了5类机载遥感传感器，分别是微波辐射计、激光雷达、高光谱成像仪、热红外成像仪和多光谱CCD相机；获取了丰富的可见光/近红外、热红外、主被动微波、激光雷达等卫星数据。

关键词: 遥感试验, 水文, 旱区水文, 林水文, 河流域

This paper introduces the background, scientific questions, objectives, experiment design and configuration of a simultaneous airborne, satellite-borne and ground-based remote sensing experiment taking place in the Heihe River Basin, northwest China. The overall objective is to improve the observability, understanding, and predictability of hydrological and related ecological processes on catchment scale, to accumulate a comprehensive, interdisciplinary and multi-scale dataset for the development of watershed science and to promote the applicability of quantitative remote sensing in watershed science studies. The catchment scale water cycle and related ecological processes are observed by airborne remote sensing, satellite remote sensing, ground-based radar, network of hydrometeorological stations and flux towers, and ecological monitoring equipment in typical landscapes of a inland river basin, which varies from the alpine glacier-snow-permafrost zone, forest-steppe zone in high mountain area to the desert-oasis zone in middle reaches. Based on the observations, and particularly by using high-resolution airborne remote sensing to bridge the gap between satellite remote sensing and ground measurements, many models and algorithms for retrieving and estimating hydrological and ecological variables will be validated and potentially improved. Additionally, the development of scaling methods is put in high priority. The project is composed of three experiments,i.e., cold region hydrology experiment, forest hydrology experiment and arid region hydrology experiment as well as an integrated study—development of an experiment information system and a catchment scale land data assimilation system to merge multi-source and multi-scale remote sensing data into land model. Five types of data are defined to be observed, including hydrological-ecological variables, atmospheric forcing variables, vegetation parameters, soil parameters and aerodynamic parameters.
Up to now, a very dense ground observation network has been established, which consists of automatic meteorological stations, flux towers, hydrological stations, rain gauges, rainfall radar, ground-based remote sensing instruments, other instruments and numerous experiment sites to collect ground data. Five types of the airborne remote sensor including microwave radiometer, lidar, hyperspectral imager, thermal imager and CCD camera are used to obtain plentiful airborne remote sensing data. Satellite remote sensing data covering the visible/near-infrared, thermal infrared, active and passive microwave bands are acquired.

Key words: Remote sensing experiment, Watershed science, Cold region hydrology, Arid region hydrology, Forest hydrology.

中图分类号:

TP79

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摘要

Simultaneous Remote Sensing and Ground-based Experiment in the Heihe River Basin: Scientific Objectives and Experiment Design