北欧海溢流的水文特征和变化机理综述

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2017.03.0245

地球科学进展 ›› 2017, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (3): 245 -261. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2017.03.0245

北欧海溢流的水文特征和变化机理综述

史文奇 ^1, ²(

), 赵进平 ¹

1.中国海洋大学物理海洋重点实验室,山东青岛 266100
2.国家海洋环境监测中心,辽宁大连 116023

收稿日期:2016-11-30 修回日期:2017-02-04 出版日期:2017-03-20
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金重点项目“北极海冰与上层海洋环流耦合变化及其气候效应”(编号:41330960);全球变化研究国家重大科学研究计划“北极海冰减退引起的北极放大机理与全球气候效应”(编号:2015CB953900)资助

An Overview of Hydrological Characteristics and Changing Mechanism of Modern Nordic Seas Overflows

Wenqi Shi ^1, ²( ), Jinping Zhao ¹

1.Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography, College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100,China
2.National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023,China

Received:2016-11-30 Revised:2017-02-04 Online:2017-03-20 Published:2017-03-20
About author:
First author:Shi Wenqi (1987-), male, Jining City, Shandong Province, Ph.D student. Research areas include Arctic ocean dynamics.E-mail:swqouc@163.com
Supported by:
Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China “Arctic Sea ice and coupling of the upper ocean circulation changes and climate effect” (No.41330960);The National Key Basic Research Project “Arctic amplification produced by sea ice retreat and its global climate effects” (No.2015CB953900)

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北欧海是连接北冰洋和大西洋的纽带,在全球气候系统中具有特殊重要地位。北欧海通过格陵兰—苏格兰海脊溢流的高密度水,是北大西洋深层水的重要来源,在全球大洋输送带中具有关键性作用。通过评述国内外关于现代北欧海溢流的研究成果,介绍了北欧海3个主要溢流通道即法罗海台水道(FBC)、冰岛—法罗群岛海脊(IFR)、丹麦海峡(DS)上溢流水体性质、流量的基本特征和多尺度变化特征,剖析了各通道上溢流水体的来源及影响溢流变化的可能因素和物理过程,并着重阐述了法罗群岛—设德兰岛水道上溢流的强混合特征。基于这些认识,分析了北欧海总溢流的变化特征及各通道溢流之间的关系,给出北欧海溢流的整体结构。介绍了正压和斜压效应在溢流过程发挥的作用,将溢流各种尺度的变化与大气过程建立了联系。由于溢流过程非常复杂,与北欧海内部的对流和混合过程密切相关,很多问题尚不清楚,需要更多的观测与研究。

关键词: 溢流, 北欧海, 水文特征, 北大西洋深层水, 热盐传送带

As a connection region between Arctic and North Atlantic oceans, the Nordic seas play a critical role in global climate system. The density waters overflow through Greenland-Scotland Ridge from the Nordic seas, as the main source of the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW), which plays a key role in global ocean conveyor. The causes and processes, which give some instruction of the overflow variation are still uncertain. Based on a review of current and historical research results of modern Nordic seas overflows, hydrological and flux characteristics and variation features of overflows through three channels, which are Faroe-Shetland Channel, Iceland-Faroe Ridge and Denmark Strait, from Nordic sea were addressed separately. The origins of overflows water and factors and physical processes that may have impact on the three overflows were also analyzed separately. Intense mixing in overflow through Faroe-Shetland Channel was discussed. At last, the changing mechanism of the whole overflow from Nordic seas and relationships among overflows through different channels were summed up. The aim of this paper is to give some instructions and research directions to the internal readers.

Key words: Overflows, Nordic seas, Hydrological characteristics, North Atlantic Deep Water, Thermohaline circulation.

中图分类号:

P725.1

图1 北欧海地形图及周围海洋
DS.丹麦海峡;IFR.冰岛—法罗群岛海脊;FSC.法罗群岛—设德兰岛水道;FBC.法罗海台水道(Faroe Bank Channel);WTR.Wyville Thomson Ridge;JMR.扬马延海脊;MR.莫恩海脊(Mohn Ridge);阴影区域:水深小于500 m的区域;使用的地形数据为ETOP02

Fig.1 Bathymetry of the Nordic seas and surrounding waters
DS. Denmark Strait; IFR. Iceland-Faroe Ridge; FSC. Faroe-Shetland Channel; FBC. Faroe Bank Channel; WTR. Wyville Thomson Ridge; JMR. Jan Mayen Ridge; MR. Mohn Ridge. Areas shallower than 500 m are lightly shaded. Bottom topography is form ETOP02

图2 FBC的详细地形

Fig.2 Bottom topography in the FBC region FB.Faroe Bank;FP.Faroe Plateau

图3 在FBC溢流的主要水团的温盐范围图

Fig.3 Potential temperature and salinity ranges of the main water masses overflow through FBC

表1 FBC溢流流量估计统计

Table 1 Estimates of the flux of overflow through FBC by various authors

时间	流量	断面位置	方法	参考文献
1964—1965年	1.5 Sv	FBC	短期流速、温盐	[34]
1960.05—1960.06	1.2 Sv	FBC	单航次温盐+水压控制	[33]
1973.08—1973.09	1.4 Sv (含MEIW)	Sill	单航次流速、温盐	[29]
1983.05	1.6 Sv (T< 3 ℃)	FBC	单航次海流、温盐	[35]
海流:1986—1988年; 温盐:1987—1988年	(1.9±0.4)Sv (T< 3 ℃)	FBC	2个航次CTD、ADCP走航+长期海流计	[36]
1989.10	(1.1 ±0.3) Sv (T< 3 ℃)	近Sill	单航次温盐+ 单航次ADCP走航	[37]
1995.11—1998.09	1.9 Sv(T< 3 ℃)	Sill	多航次温盐+长期ADCP	[38]
海流:1995.11—2000.06 温盐:1998.09	1.9 Sv (T< 3 ℃)	Sill	单航次温盐+长期ADCP	[39]
海流:1995.11—2005.05 温盐:1997—2005年	(2.1±0.2)Sv (动力溢流)	Sill	长期ADCP	[15]
海流:1995.11—2005.05 温盐:1997—2005年	(1.9 ±0.3) Sv (σ_θ>27.8 kg/m³)	Sill	多航次温盐+长期ADCP	[15]
海流:1995.11—2005.05 温盐:1997—2005年	(1.7 ± 0.2) Sv (T< 3 ℃)	Sill	多航次温盐+长期ADCP	[15]

表1 FBC溢流流量估计统计

Table 1 Estimates of the flux of overflow through FBC by various authors

时间	流量	断面位置	方法	参考文献
1964—1965年	1.5 Sv	FBC	短期流速、温盐	[34]
1960.05—1960.06	1.2 Sv	FBC	单航次温盐+水压控制	[33]
1973.08—1973.09	1.4 Sv (含MEIW)	Sill	单航次流速、温盐	[29]
1983.05	1.6 Sv (T< 3 ℃)	FBC	单航次海流、温盐	[35]
海流:1986—1988年; 温盐:1987—1988年	(1.9±0.4)Sv (T< 3 ℃)	FBC	2个航次CTD、ADCP走航+长期海流计	[36]
1989.10	(1.1 ±0.3) Sv (T< 3 ℃)	近Sill	单航次温盐+ 单航次ADCP走航	[37]
1995.11—1998.09	1.9 Sv(T< 3 ℃)	Sill	多航次温盐+长期ADCP	[38]
海流:1995.11—2000.06 温盐:1998.09	1.9 Sv (T< 3 ℃)	Sill	单航次温盐+长期ADCP	[39]
海流:1995.11—2005.05 温盐:1997—2005年	(2.1±0.2)Sv (动力溢流)	Sill	长期ADCP	[15]
海流:1995.11—2005.05 温盐:1997—2005年	(1.9 ±0.3) Sv (σ_θ>27.8 kg/m³)	Sill	多航次温盐+长期ADCP	[15]
海流:1995.11—2005.05 温盐:1997—2005年	(1.7 ± 0.2) Sv (T< 3 ℃)	Sill	多航次温盐+长期ADCP	[15]

图4 沟渠溢流中二级环流示意图(据参考文献[56]修改)
沿着沟渠的溢流用大箭头表示; V _G代表横向地转输运, V _E代表Ekman输运

Fig.4 Cell across the channelized dense water plume(modified after reference[56])
Down-channel velocity indicated by large arrow. V _G and V _E are the cross-channel geostrophic-and Ekman-transport, respectively

图5 IFR地形图(据参考文献[3]修改)
虚线箭头代表间歇的溢流路径,实线箭头代表更为持久的溢流路径

Fig.5 Bottom topography in the IFR region (modified after reference[3])
Red arrows indicate intermittent (broken arrows) or more persistent(continuous arrow) overflow paths across the Ridge

图6 丹麦海峡主要的流系
图中红色箭头代表上层流动,其中红色实线箭头为大西洋入流,红色虚线箭头为北欧海出流;黑色箭头代表深层流动;IC为伊尔明厄流(Irminger Current),NIIC为North Icelandic Irminger Current;EGC为东格陵兰流,EGCC为East Greenland Coastal Current ^{[

79
]};NIJ为North Icelandic Jet,S-EGC为separated EGC,Sb-EGC为shelf break EGC ^{[

80
~

82
]};ISG为冰岛中央的气旋涡流(Iceland SeaGyre),KR为 Kolbeinsey ridge;EIC为Våge等 ^{[

81
]}得出的East Icelandic Current (EIC)上层部分的可能路径

Fig.6 Schematic circulation in the area of the Denmark Strait
Red arrows indicate upper-layer currents, red arrows with solid line indicate inflow from Atlantic Ocean, red arrows with dashed line indicate outflow from Nordic seas. Black arrows indicate deepwater flow. IC.Irminger Current; NIJ. North Icelandic Jet; S-EGC. Separated EGC;Sb-EGC. Shelf break EGC ^{[

80
~

82
]}; ISG. Iceland Sea Gyre; KR. Kolbeinsey ridge; A possible pathway of the upper-layer East Icelandic Current (EIC) according to Våge et al. ^{[

81
]}

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