地球科学进展 ›› 2018, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (4): 343 -349. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2018.04.0343

科技重大计划进展 上一篇    下一篇

陆地系统中的露石及其生态作用
沈有信 1( ), 赵志猛 1, 2, 毕胜春 3, 赵高卷 1, 2, 刘娟 1, 2   
  1. 1.中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园,云南 勐仑 666303
    2.中国科学院大学,北京 100049
    3. 石林花木有限责任公司,云南 石林 652208
  • 收稿日期:2017-11-07 修回日期:2018-03-20 出版日期:2018-04-20
  • 基金资助:
    *国家重点研发计划项目“断陷盆地山地土壤流失过程与驱动机制”(编号:2016YFC0502503);国家自然科学基金项目“喀斯特生态系统裸露岩体集水径流及其生态水文效应研究”(编号:41671031)资助.

Rock Outcrop and Its Ecological Function in Terrestrial Ecosystem

Youxin Shen 1( ), Zhimeng Zhao 1, 2, Shengchun Bi 3, Gaojuan Zhao 1, 2, Juan Liu 1, 2   

  1. 1.Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun Yunnan 666303,China
    2.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049,China
    3.Shilin Flowers and Trees Co., Ltd., Shilin Yunnan 652208, China
  • Received:2017-11-07 Revised:2018-03-20 Online:2018-04-20 Published:2018-05-24
  • Supported by:
    Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China “Process and driving mechanism of soil and water erosion on karst fault basin”(No.2016YFC0502503);The National Natural Science Foundation of China “Water receiving and runoff of rock outcrops and their eco-hydrology effects at karst ecosystems”(No.41671031).

露石在陆地生态系统中十分常见,喀斯特生态系统尤为突出。露石在各种生态系统中产生积极或负面的影响,他们承接来自大气的降水(含穿透雨)、干湿沉降,殖居菌、藻、苔藓甚至高等维管束植物,可看成与邻近土壤斑块有鲜明对比的子生态系统。其承接和生产的水分和各种有机物质及无机物质输入邻近土壤斑块,影响水分、营养物质分配,进而对生长于土壤上的各种植物产生影响。定量测量露石承接、分配降水及其内含物的研究较少,评价其生态水文效应的研究更少,严重影响喀斯特生态系统演化机制的阐明与石漠化治理方略的制订。

Rock Outcrop (ROC) is very common in terrestrial ecosystems, typically in karst. ROCs play both positive and negative effects in ecosystems. They may collect precipitation (including throughfall), wet/dry deposition, host bacteria, fungi, muss and lichen, and even vascular plants. Both plants and their growing matrixes on ROCs differ greatly from their nearby soil patches. Water and organic and inorganic materials received and produced on ROCs is easily redistributed to their nearby soil patches, put strong influence on water and elements process in soil patches, and thus, affect the plants growing on soil surface. However, quantitative study on water and materials received and produced is scarce, nor on the eco-hydrology effect, thus, blocking the explanation of karst ecosystem succession, block the strategy formulation on countermeasures of karst desertification.

中图分类号: 

图1 个体形状各异的不同岩溶生态系统露石
Fig.1 Karst rock outcrops with various sizes and shapes
图1 个体形状各异的不同岩溶生态系统露石
Fig.1 Karst rock outcrops with various sizes and shapes
图2 露石与土壤斑块的组合形态示意
Fig.2 Illustration showing the combinations of rock outcrops and soi patches
图2 露石与土壤斑块的组合形态示意
Fig.2 Illustration showing the combinations of rock outcrops and soi patches
[1] Zhang Y, Zhang M, Niu J, et al. Rock fragments and soil hydrological processes: Significance and progress[J]. Catena, 2016, 147:153-166.
doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2016.07.012     URL    
[2] Katra I, Lavee H, Sarah P.The effect of rock fragment size and position on topsoil moisture on and and semi-arid hillslopes[J]. Catena,2008, 72(1):49-55.
doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2007.04.001     URL    
[3] Poesen J W, Torri D, Bunte K.Effects of rock fragments on soil-erosion by water at different spatial scales-a review[J].Catena, 1994,23(1/2):141-166.
doi: 10.1016/0341-8162(94)90058-2     URL    
[4] Ford D C, Williams P M.Karst Hydrogeology and Geomorphology[M]. England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2007.
[5] DeWaele J, Plan L, Audra P. Recent developments in surface and subsurface karst geomorphology: An introduction[J]. Geomorphology, 2009, 106(1/2):1-8.
doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.09.023     URL    
[6] Parise M.Surface and subsurface karst geomorphology in the Murge (Apulia, Southern Italy)[J]. Acta Carsologica, 2011, 40(1):79-93.
doi: 10.3986/ac.v40i1.30     URL    
[7] Kottek M, Grieser J C, Rudolf B B, et al. World map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classification updated[J]. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 2006,15:259-263.
doi: 10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130     URL    
[8] State Forestry of China. Technological Standard on Revegetation of Rock Desertification Karst Area, China:LY/T 1840-2009(2010)[S].Beijing: Standards Press of China,2009.
[国家林业局. 喀斯特石漠化地区植被修复技术规程:LY/T 1840-2009(2010)[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2009.]
[9] State Forestry of China. Rock Desertification Communique in Karst Area[EB/OL].[2017-12-01]..
URL    
[国家林业局. 喀斯特地区石漠化状况公报[EB/OL].[2017-12-01]..]
URL    
[10] State Forestry of China. Rock Desertification Communique in Karst Area, China[EB/OL]. , 2012.
URL    
[国家林业局.中国石漠化状况公报[EB/OL]. , 2012.]
URL    
[11] Yuan Daoxian, Zhu Dehao, Weng Jintao, et al. Karst in China[M]. Beijing: Geographical Publisher,1993.
[袁道先, 朱德浩, 翁金桃,等.中国喀斯特学[M]. 北京:地质出版社,1993.]
[12] Huang Yusong, Wu Wanghui, Jiang Rihong, et al. Primary study on species diversity of plant in Longgang National Nature Reserve of Guangxi[J]. Guihaia, 2013, 33(3):346-355.
[黄俞淞, 吴望辉, 蒋日红, 等. 广西弄岗国家级自然保护区植物物种多样性初步研究[J]. 广西植物,2013, 33(3):346-355.]
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3142.2013.03.011     URL    
[13] Long Cuiling, Yu Shixiao, Xiong Zhibin, et al. Species diversity and regeneration in forest gaps of the Karst forest in Maolan National Nature Reserve, Guizhou Province[J]. Biodiversity Science, 2005, 13(1):43-50.
[龙翠玲, 余世孝, 熊志斌,等. 茂兰喀斯特森林林隙的植物多样性与更新[J]. 生物多样性,2005, 13(1):43-50.]
doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1005-0094.2005.01.006     URL    
[14] Wang Hong, Zhu Hua, Li Baogui.Forests on Limestome mountains in Xishuangbanna[J]. Guihaia,1997, 17(2):101-117.
[王洪, 朱华,李保贵.西双版纳石灰岩山森林植被[J]. 广西植物,1997, 17(2):101-117.]
URL    
[15] Shen Youxin, Liu Wenyao, Li Yuhui, et al. Community ecology study on karst semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forest at the central part of Yunnan[J]. Guihaia, 2005,25(4):321-326.
[沈有信, 刘文耀, 李玉辉,等.滇中喀斯特山地半湿润常绿阔叶林的群落生态学研究[J]. 广西植物,2005,25(4):321-326.]
[16] Lian Bin.Microbial roles in the genesis of soil from carbonate rock weathering[J]. Bulletin of Mineralogy Petrology and Geochemistry, 2010,29(1): 52-56.
[连宾. 碳酸盐岩风化成土过程中的微生物作用[J]. 矿物岩石地球化学通报, 2010, 29(1): 52-56.]
[17] Hoffmann L.Algae of terrestrial habitats[J]. The Botanical Review, 1989, 55(2): 77-105.
doi: 10.1007/BF02858529     URL    
[18] Gaylarde P, Englert G, Ortega M O, et al. Lichen-like colonies of pure Trentepohlia on limestone monuments[J]. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 2006, 58(3): 119-123.
doi: 10.1016/j.ibiod.2006.05.005     URL    
[19] Golubic S, Friedmann I, Schneider J.The lithobiontic ecological niche, with special reference to microorganisms[J]. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 1981, 51(2): 475-478.
[20] Matthes S U, Gerrath J A, Larson D W.Abundance, biomass, and productivity of endolithic and epilithic lower plants on the temperate-zone cliffs of the Niagara Escarpment, Canada[J]. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 1997, 158(4): 451-460.
doi: 10.1086/297455     URL    
[21] Li Bing, Zhang Chaohui.Species diversity of mosses crust and the effect in karst rocky desertification control[J]. Carsologica Sinica, 2009,28(1): 55-60.
[李冰, 张朝晖. 喀斯特石漠结皮层藓类物种多样性及在石漠化治理中的作用研究. 中国岩溶, 2009, 28(1): 55-60.]
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2009.01.010     URL    
[22] Tian Youping, Zhang Jie, Song Linhua, et al. A study on aerial cyanophyta (Cyanobacteria) on the surface of carbonate rock in Yunnan Stone Forest,Yunnan Province,China[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2002, 22(11): 1 793-2 020.
[田友萍, 张捷, 宋林华, 等. 云南石林碳酸盐岩表面气生蓝藻 (蓝细菌) 研究[J]. 生态学报, 2002, 22(11): 1 793-2 020.]
doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2002.11.001     URL    
[23] Gorbushina A A.Life on the rocks[J]. Environmental Microbiology, 2007, 9(7): 1 613-1 631.
doi: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01301.x     URL    
[24] Karsten U, Schumann R, Mostaert A.Aeroterrestrial algae growing on man-made surfaces[M]∥Seckbach J, ed. Algae and Cyanobacteria in Extreme Environments. The Netherlands: Springer,2007:583-597.
[25] Mostaert A S, Higgins M J, Fukuma T, et al. Nanoscale mechanical characterisation of amyloid fibrils discovered in a natural adhesive[J]. Journal of Biological Physics, 2006,32(5):393-401.
doi: 10.1007/s10867-006-9023-y     URL     pmid: 19669445
[26] Feige G B, Kremer B P.Unusual carbohydrate pattern in Trentepohlia species[J]. Phytochemistry, 1980, 19(8):1 844-1 845.
doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83826-1     URL    
[27] Rindi F.Diversity, distribution and ecology of green algae and cyanobacteria in urban habitats[M]∥Seckbach J, ed. Algae and Cyanobacteria in Extreme Environments. The Netherlands: Springer, 2007:619-638.
[28] Wu Jinlin.Lichen Iconography of China[M]. Beijing: China Prospect Publishing House,1987.
[吴金陵. 中国地衣植物图鉴. 北京: 中国展望出版社,1987.]
[29] Smith A.Bryophyte Ecology[M]. The Netherlands: Springer,1982.
[30] Gong Zitong, Zhang Ganlin, Chen Zhicheng.Pedogenesisand Soil Teminology[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2007.
[龚子同, 张甘霖, 陈志诚.土壤发生与系统分类[M]. 北京:科学出版社, 2007.]
[31] Xu Haiqing, Liu Wenyao, Shen Youxin, et al. A preliminary study of epiphytes in semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forest in stone-forest Karst region, Yunnan Province[J]. Guihaia, 2006,26(1): 43-48.
[徐海清, 刘文耀, 沈有信,等.云南石林喀斯特地区半湿润常绿阔叶林附生植物的初步研究[J]. 广西植物, 2006,26(1): 43-48.]
[32] Zhu Xiai, Shen Youxin,He Beibei, et al. Species diversity and biomass of vascular plant on rocky outcrops in karst area[J]. Journal of Mountain Research, 2016, 34(2): 165-172.
[朱习爱, 沈有信, 何贝贝,等.云南石林岩生维管植物多样性及生物量特征[J], 山地学报 , 2016, 34(2): 165-172.]
[33] Tian Biao, Ding Minghu, Sun Weijun, et al. Research progress of atomspheric canbon monoxide[J]. Advances in Earth Science,2017,32(1):34-43.
[田彪,丁明虎,孙维君,等. 大气CO研究进展. 地球科学进展,2017,32(1):34-43.]
[34] Shen J L, Li Y, Liu X J, et al. Atmospheric dry and wet nitrogen deposition on three contrasting land use types of an agricultural catchment in subtropical central China[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2013,67(2):415-424.
[35] Holmes C D.Air pollution and forest water use[J]. Nature, 2014,507(7 491):E1-E2.
[36] Kidron G J, Starinsky A.Chemical composition of dew and rain in an extreme desert (Negev): Cobbles serve as sink for nutrients[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2012, 420(7):284-291.
[37] Goransson H, Edwards P J, Perreijn K, et al. Rocks create nitrogen hotspots and N∶ P heterogeneity by funnelling rain[J]. Biogeochemistry, 2014, 121(2):329-338.
[38] Elbert W, Weber B, Büdel B, et al. Microbiotic crusts on soil, rock and plants: Neglected major players in the global cycles of carbon and nitrogen?[J]. Biogeosciences Discussions,2009,6:6 983-7 015.
[39] Chen J, Blume H P, Beyer L.Weathering of rocks induced by lichen colonization—A review[J]. Catena,2000, 39(2):121-146.
[40] Wang Dianjie, Shen Youxin, Huang Jin.Epilithic organic matter and nutrient contents in three different karst ecosystems[J]. Journal of Mountain Research, 2015, 33(1):16-24.
[王电杰, 沈有信,黄金.石林3种喀斯特生态系统的石面有机质和养分含量研究[J]. 山地学报,2015, 33(1):16-24.]
[41] Zhu Xiai, Shen Youxin, He Beibei, et al. Humus on karst rock outcrops and their adsorption of ammonia nitrogen: A case from three ecosystems of Shilin, Yunnan[J]. Carsologica Sinica,2015, 34(6):616-623.
[朱习爱,沈有信, 何贝贝, 等.喀斯特石冠腐殖土及其N-N的吸附性能—以云南石林为例[J]. 中国岩溶,2015, 34(6):616-623.]
[42] DeVries W, Reinds G J, Vel E. Intensive monitoring of forest ecosystems in Europe 2: Atmospheric deposition and its impacts on soil solution chemistry[J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2003, 174:97-115.
[43] Fang Y T, Gundersen P, Vogt R D, et al. Atmospheric deposition and leaching of nitrogen in Chinese forest ecosystems[J]. Journal of Forest Research, 2011, 16:341-350.
[44] Zhou Guoyi, Yan Junhua.The influences of regional atmospheric precipitation characteristics and its element inputs on the existence and development of Dinghushan forest ecosystems[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2001,21(12):2 002-2 012.
[周国逸, 闫俊华. 鼎湖山区域大气降水特征和物质元素输入对森林生态系统存在和发育的影响[J]. 生态学报, 2001,21(12):2 002-2 012.]
[45] Li Qianqian, Tang Li.A mini-review on atmospheric nitrogen deposition[J]. Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University, 2010, 25(6):889-894.
[李欠欠,汤利.大气氮沉降的研究进展[J]. 云南农业大学学报, 2010, 25(6):889-894.]
[46] Lu C Q, Tian H Q, Liu M L, et al. Effect of nitrogen deposition on China’s terrestrial carbon uptake in the context of multifactor environmental changes[J]. Ecological Applications, 2012,22(1):53-75.
[47] Crews T E, Kurina L M, Vitousek P M.Organic matter and nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen fixation during early ecosystem development in Hawaii[J]. Biogeochemistry,2001, 52(3):259-279.
[48] Elbert W, Weber B, Burrows S, et al. Contribution of cryptogamic covers to the global cycles of carbon and nitrogen[J]. Nature Geoscience,2012, 5:459-462.
[49] Wang D J, Shen Y X, Huang J, et al. Rock outcrops redistribute water to nearby soil patches in karst landscapes[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2016, 23(9):8 610-8 616.
[50] Wang D J, Shen Y X, Li Y H, et al. Rock outcrops redistribute organic carbon and nutrients to nearby soil patches in three karst ecosystems in SW China[J]. PLoS ONE, 2016: e0160773. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0160773.
[51] Wang Kelin, Su Yirong, Zeng Fuping, et al. Ecological process and vegetation restoration in karst region of southwest China[J]. Research of Agricultural Modernization, 2008, 29(6):641-645.
[王克林, 苏以荣, 曾馥平, 等.西南喀斯特典型生态系统土壤特征与植被适应性恢复研究[J]. 农业现代化研究, 2008, 29(6):641-645.]
[52] Jiang Zhongcheng, Luo Weiqun, Deng Yan, et al. The leakage of water and soil in the karst peak cluster depression and its prevention and treatment[J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 2014, 35(5):535-542.
[蒋忠诚, 罗为群, 邓艳,等.岩溶峰丛洼地水土失及防治研究[J]. 地球学报,2014, 35(5):535-542.]
[53] Li Qiang, Pu Junbing, Huang Ni, et al. A research approach for ecological, environmental and geological differentiation of rocky desertification and its driving mechanism in karst graben basin[J]. Advances in Earth Science,2017,32(9):899-908.
[李强,蒲俊兵,黄妮,等.断陷盆地生态环境地质分异及石漠化演变机理的研究途径[J]. 地球科学进展,2017,32(9):899-908.]
[54] DeWaele J, Gutierrez F, Parise M, et al. Geomorphology and natural hazards in karst areas: A review[J]. Geomorphology, 2011, 134(1/2):1-8.
[55] Liu Congqiang.Biogeochemistry Process and Surface Material Recycle[M].Beijing:Science Press, 2009.
[刘丛强. 生物地球化学过程与地表物质循环: 西南喀斯特土壤—植被系统生源要素循环[M]. 北京:科学出版社,2009.]
[56] Li S, Ren H D, Xue L, et al. Influence of bare rocks on surrounding soil moisture in the karst rocky desertification regions under drought conditions[J].Catena, 2014,116(3):157-162.
[57] Kirkham M B.Principles of Soil and Plant Water Relations (Second Edition)[M]. Boston: Academic Press, 2014.
[58] Liu W J, Li P J, Duan W P, et al. Dry-season water utilization by trees growing on thin karst soils in a seasonal tropical rainforest of Xishuangbanna, Southwest China[J]. Ecohydrology, 2014, 7(3):927-935.
[59] Rong L, Chen X, Chen X H, et al. Isotopic analysis of water sources of mountainous plant uptake in a karst plateau of southwest China[J]. Hydrological Processes, 2011,25(23):3 666-3 675.
[60] Rong Li, Wang Shijie, Yu Guosong, et al. Stable isotope analysis of water sources of four woody species in the Libo karst forest[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2012, 48(7):14-22.
[容丽, 王世杰, 俞国松, 等.荔波喀斯特森林4种木本植物水分来源的稳定同位素分析[J]. 林业科学,2012, 48(7):14-22.]
[1] 邱国玉,张晓楠. 21世纪中国的城市化特点及其生态环境挑战[J]. 地球科学进展, 2019, 34(6): 640-649.
[2] 夏军, 左其亭, 韩春辉. 生态水文学学科体系及学科发展战略[J]. 地球科学进展, 2018, 33(7): 665-674.
[3] 刘鹄, 赵文智, 李中恺. 地下水依赖型生态系统生态水文研究进展[J]. 地球科学进展, 2018, 33(7): 741-750.
[4] 马芊红, 张科利. 西南喀斯特地区土壤侵蚀研究进展与展望 *[J]. 地球科学进展, 2018, 33(11): 1130-1141.
[5] 李强, 蒲俊兵, 黄妮, 杜红梅, 祁向坤, 王力, 杨慧. 断陷盆地生态环境地质分异及石漠化演变机理的研究途径[J]. 地球科学进展, 2017, 32(9): 899-907.
[6] 何志斌, 杜军, 陈龙飞, 朱喜, 赵敏敏. 干旱区山地森林生态水文研究进展[J]. 地球科学进展, 2016, 31(10): 1078-1089.
[7] 高江波, 吴绍洪, 戴尔阜, 侯文娟. 西南喀斯特地区地表水热过程研究进展与展望[J]. 地球科学进展, 2015, 30(6): 647-653.
[8] 冯起,苏永红,司建华,常宗强,席海洋,郭瑞,陈丽娟,霍红,秦燕燕. 黑河流域生态水文样带调查[J]. 地球科学进展, 2013, 28(2): 187-196.
[9] 晋 锐,李 新,阎保平,罗万明,李秀红,郭建文,马明国,亢 健,张艳林. 黑河流域生态水文传感器网络设计[J]. 地球科学进展, 2012, 27(9): 993-1005.
[10] 李新,刘绍民,马明国,肖青,柳钦火,晋锐,车涛,王维真,祁元,李弘毅,朱高峰,郭建文,冉有华. 黑河流域生态—水文过程综合遥感观测联合试验总体设计[J]. 地球科学进展, 2012, 27(5): 481-498.
[11] 刘立超,杨昊天,李新荣,高艳红,贾荣亮. 土壤斥水性及其生态水文效应研究进展[J]. 地球科学进展, 2011, 26(9): 926-932.
[12] 岳跃民, 王克林, 张兵,刘波, 陈洪松, 张明阳. 喀斯特石漠化信息遥感提取的不确定性[J]. 地球科学进展, 2011, 26(3): 266-274.
[13] 程国栋, 赵传燕, 王瑶. 内陆河流域森林生态系统生态水文过程研究[J]. 地球科学进展, 2011, 26(11): 1125-1130.
[14] 王凌河,严登华,龙爱华,杨舒媛. 流域生态水文过程模拟研究进展[J]. 地球科学进展, 2009, 24(8): 891-898.
[15] 王朗,徐延达,傅伯杰,吕一河. 半干旱区景观格局与生态水文过程研究进展[J]. 地球科学进展, 2009, 24(11): 1238-1246.
阅读次数
全文


摘要