<strong>21</strong>世纪中国的城市化特点及其生态环境挑战

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2019.06.0640

地球科学进展 ›› 2019, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (6): 640 -649. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2019.06.0640

21世纪中国的城市化特点及其生态环境挑战

邱国玉 ¹(

),张晓楠 ^1, ²(

)

1. 北京大学环境与能源学院，广东深圳 518055
2. 环境保护部环境规划院，北京 100012

收稿日期:2019-01-04 修回日期:2019-03-21 出版日期:2019-06-10
通讯作者: 张晓楠 E-mail:qiugy@pkusz.edu.cn;xnzhang99@163.com
基金资助:
中国科学院学部学科发展战略研究项目“中国生态水文学学科发展战略”(2017DXA);深圳市基础研究项目“飞行智能环境监测机器人研究”(JCYJ20180504165440088)

China's Urbanization and Its Ecological Environment Challenges in the 21^st Century

Guoyu Qiu ¹( ),Xiaonan Zhang ^1, ²( )

1. School of Environment and Energy, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
2. Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, Beijing 100012, China

Received:2019-01-04 Revised:2019-03-21 Online:2019-06-10 Published:2019-07-05
Contact: Xiaonan Zhang E-mail:qiugy@pkusz.edu.cn;xnzhang99@163.com
About author:Qiu Guoyu(1963-), male, Alxa League, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region， Professor. Research areas include environmental and energy information, urban hydrology and water resources, eco-hydrology research. E-mail： qiugy@pkusz.edu.cn
Supported by:
Foundation item:Project supported by the Academic Development Strategy Research Project of the Academy of Sciences "China eco-hydrology subject development strategy"(NO. 2017DXA);Shenzhen Basic Research Program "Flying intelligent environmental monitoring robot research"(NO. JCYJ20180504165440088)

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城市化是世界范围的历史进程。中国的城市化虽然起步较晚，但是由于速度快、规模大、资源能源消耗高，从而带来一系列水环境和热环境问题。系统梳理了在全球气候变化和城市化的双重压力下，中国城市面临的水资源短缺与水污染、日益严重的城市热岛和生态水文灾害等生态环境挑战，提出要以城市生态水文学的理论和手段，解决城市生态环境问题，提升中国的城市化质量，实现宜居城市。

关键词: 城市生态, 城市热岛, 城市生态水文, 宜居城市

Urbanization is a worldwide historical process. Although China's urbanization started late, it is fast, large in scale, high in resource and energy consumption, and leads to a series of water and thermal environment problems. This paper systematically sorted out the ecological environment challenges faced by Chinese cities under the dual pressures of global climate change and urbanization, such as water shortages and water pollution, increasingly serious urban heat island issues and ecological hydrological disasters. It proposed to solve the problem of urban ecological environment with the theory and means of urban ecohydrology, improve the quality of urbanization in China, and realize livable cities.

Key words: Urban ecology, Urban Heat Island (UHI), Urban Ecohydrology, Livable city.

中图分类号:

图1 1978—2016年城市建成区面积和城区人口^{[

5
]}

Fig.1 Area of built-up urban areas and urban population in 1978-2016 ^{[

5
]}

表1 2016年中国 500万以上人口城市排名

Table 1 Cities of population more than 5 million in 2016 China

城市排名	城市名称	城市人口/万	建成区面积/km²
1	重庆	2 907.38	1 350.66
2	上海	2 419.70	998.75
3	北京	2 172.90	1 419.66
4	广州	1 759.49	1 249.11
5	天津	1 360.43	1 007.91
6	深圳	1 190.84	923.25
7	武汉	1 121.62	585.61
8	成都	940.54	837.27
9	杭州	899.96	541.38
10	郑州	748.27	422.35
11	南京	703.05	773.79
12	佛山	654.26	158.91
13	沈阳	649.73	588.26
14	西安	629.24	517.74
15	东莞	628.65	958.86
16	哈尔滨	620.17	435.28
17	汕头	582.00	257.66
18	南宁	539.78	310.47
19	青岛	525.75	599.32
20	厦门	520.08	334.64

表1 2016年中国 500万以上人口城市排名

Table 1 Cities of population more than 5 million in 2016 China

城市排名	城市名称	城市人口/万	建成区面积/km²
1	重庆	2 907.38	1 350.66
2	上海	2 419.70	998.75
3	北京	2 172.90	1 419.66
4	广州	1 759.49	1 249.11
5	天津	1 360.43	1 007.91
6	深圳	1 190.84	923.25
7	武汉	1 121.62	585.61
8	成都	940.54	837.27
9	杭州	899.96	541.38
10	郑州	748.27	422.35
11	南京	703.05	773.79
12	佛山	654.26	158.91
13	沈阳	649.73	588.26
14	西安	629.24	517.74
15	东莞	628.65	958.86
16	哈尔滨	620.17	435.28
17	汕头	582.00	257.66
18	南宁	539.78	310.47
19	青岛	525.75	599.32
20	厦门	520.08	334.64

图2 中国城市地下水水质状况^{[

15
]}

Fig.2 Urban groundwater quality in China ^{[

15
]}

表2 中国各城市热岛强度

Table 2 Urban heat island intensity in China

城市	时间	年均热岛强度/℃	上升率/（℃/10a）	参考文献
北京：六环区域内	1991—2011年	5.73 ~ 9.27	1.35	[ 47 ]
上海	1961—2013年	1.10 ~ 1.33	0.15 ~ 0.17	[ 48 ]
重庆	2004—2013年	1.80 ~ 3.11	—	[ 49 ]
重庆	1961—2016年	—	0.07	[ 50 ]
成都	2004—2013年	3.30 ~ 4.32	—	[ 49 ]
郑州	2007—2016年	0.76 ~ 1.59	0.50	[ 51 ]
兰州	1960s至2000s	—	0.28	[ 52 ]
铁岭	1980—2009年	1.55 ~ 2.15	—	[ 53 ]
丹东	1980—2009年	1.00 ~ 1.45	—	[ 53 ]
鞍山	1980—2009年	0.87 ~ 1.67	0.18	[ 53 ]
锦州	1980—2009年	0.80 ~ 1.65	—	[ 53 ]
朝阳	1980—2009年	0.72 ~ 1.48	0.18	[ 53 ]
大连	1980—2009年	0.57 ~ 1.03	0.02	[ 53 ]

表2 中国各城市热岛强度

Table 2 Urban heat island intensity in China

城市	时间	年均热岛强度/℃	上升率/（℃/10a）	参考文献
北京：六环区域内	1991—2011年	5.73 ~ 9.27	1.35	[ 47 ]
上海	1961—2013年	1.10 ~ 1.33	0.15 ~ 0.17	[ 48 ]
重庆	2004—2013年	1.80 ~ 3.11	—	[ 49 ]
重庆	1961—2016年	—	0.07	[ 50 ]
成都	2004—2013年	3.30 ~ 4.32	—	[ 49 ]
郑州	2007—2016年	0.76 ~ 1.59	0.50	[ 51 ]
兰州	1960s至2000s	—	0.28	[ 52 ]
铁岭	1980—2009年	1.55 ~ 2.15	—	[ 53 ]
丹东	1980—2009年	1.00 ~ 1.45	—	[ 53 ]
鞍山	1980—2009年	0.87 ~ 1.67	0.18	[ 53 ]
锦州	1980—2009年	0.80 ~ 1.65	—	[ 53 ]
朝阳	1980—2009年	0.72 ~ 1.48	0.18	[ 53 ]
大连	1980—2009年	0.57 ~ 1.03	0.02	[ 53 ]

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China's Urbanization and Its Ecological Environment Challenges in the 21st Century

China's Urbanization and Its Ecological Environment Challenges in the 21^st Century