内陆河流域水文过程研究的一些科学问题

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2007.09.0940

水科学研究的发展，对水文科学提出了新的挑战，即如何在流域、区域和全球尺度进行学科交叉、综合集成和协同研究，从而更全面地认识水在地球资源和环境变化中的作用，认识水圈及其与大气圈、岩石圈和生物圈的相互作用。为了解内陆河流域水文循环和水量平衡各分量之间的变化和转化关系及其与生态和环境之间的相互作用，以及对全球变化和人类活动的响应和反馈，基于内陆河流域上游山区径流形成区、中游人工绿洲水资源开发利用区和下游荒漠绿洲径流散失区的流域水文循环特征，从能水通量、生态和生物地球化学过程讨论了山区水文过程；从生态水文、尺度转换、阈值和反馈讨论了水文和植被的相互作用；从国外提出的关键作用带的概念讨论了内陆河流域地下水—土壤—植被作用层的水文过程。提出了开展内陆河流域水文过程观测和研究的基本框架。

关键词: 山区水文, 生态水文, 地下水—土壤—植被作用层, 内陆河流域, 水量平衡

The challenge is put forward to scientific hydrology by the advancement of water sciences, that is, how to carry out the multidisciplinary, integrated and cooperative researches on hydrological processes in the basin, regional and global scales, in order to better understand the role of water playing in the changes of natural resources and environment of the Earth, and to understand the hydrosphere and its interactions with atmosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. It has yet to be understood that how are the changes and transformation of the water cycle and water balance components in an inland river basin, what are the interactions of water cycle, ecosystems and environment, and how are the response and feedback of the changes to global change and human activities. The water cycle in an inland river basin characterize the runoff generation region of the mountains at the upper stream, the artificial oases region of water resources exploitation and utilization at the middle stream and the natural desert oases region of runoff dissipating at the down stream. The mountain hydrological processes are discusses from energy and water fluxes, ecology and biogeochemistry, the interactions of hydrology and ecosystems are discussed from ecohydrology, scaling, threshold and feedback, and the hydrological processes in the ground water soil vegetation zone are discussed from the newly put forward concept of critical zone abroad. The basic frame is put forward to carry out the field measurement, experiment and studies of hydrological processes in a typical inland river basin.

Key words: Inland river basin, Water balance, Mountain hydrology, Eco-hydrology, Ground water soil vegetation zone.

中图分类号:

P333

[1]Brasseur G, Moore Ill B. The new and evolving IGBP[J]. Global Chang Newsletter,2002,50: 1-3.
[2]GWSP. The Global Water System Project: Science Framework and Implementation Activities. Earth System Science Partnership[R]. 2005, GWSP Report No.1, ESSP Report No.3: 10-11.
[3]Hoff H.The water challenge: Joint water project[J].Global Chang Newsletter,2002,50: 46-48.
[4]CUAHSI. CUAHSI update[EB/OL].Newsletters, http://www.cuahsi.org,2003.
[5]Zhang Yue. On China’s Water Resources and Sustainable Development[M]. Nanning: Guangxi Science and Technology Publishing House, 2000:30-44.[张岳. 中国水资源与可持续发展[M]. 南宁：广西科学技术出版社，2000:30-44.]
[6]Wang Hao, Chen Minjian, Qin Dayong, et al. Rational Allocation and Bearing Capacity of Water Resources in Northwest China[M]. Zhengzhou: Huanghe Water Conservancy Press, 2003:52-68, 73-76.[王浩,陈敏建,秦大庸,等.西北地区水资源合理配置和承载能力研究[M]. 郑州：黄河水利出版社，2003:52-68，73-76.]
[7]Kang Ersi, Cheng Guodong, Lan Yongchao, et al. A model for simulating the response of runoff from the mountainous watersheds of inland river basins in the arid area of northwest China to climate changes[J].Science in China (Series D),1999, 42(suppl.I):52-63.[康尔泗,程国栋,蓝永超,等.西北干旱区内陆河流域出山径流变化趋势对气候变化响应模型[J]. 中国科学:D辑，1999, 29（增刊I）：47-54.]
[8]Chen Rensheng, Kang Ersi, Yang Jianping, et al. Simulation of water resources transformation in the midstream area of the Heihe River basin[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2003,23(5):566-573.[陈仁升,康尔泗,杨建平,等. 黑河流域山前绿洲水量转化模拟研究[J]. 冰川冻土，2003,23（5）：566-573.]
[9]Jia Yangwen, Wang Hao, Ni Guangheng, et al. Principle and Practice of Basin Distributed Hydrological Models [M]. Beijing: China Water Conservancy and Power Press, 2005:152-194.[贾仰文,王浩,倪广恒,等.分布式流域水文模型原理与实践[M]. 北京：中国水利水电出版社，2005:152-194.]
[10]Roger C B, Jeff D, Noah P M, et al. Mountain Hydrology of the Semi-Arid Western US[R/OL].http://www.cuahsi.org,2004.
[11]Njoku E G T J, Jackson V, Lakshmi T K Chan, et al. Soil moisture retrieval from AMSR-E [J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2003, 41(2): 215-229.
[12]Leavesley G H, Markstrom S L, Brewer M S, et al. The modular modeling system (MMS) The physical process modeling component of a database-centered decision support system for water and power management[J].Water Air and Soil Pollution,1996, 90(1/2): 303-311.
[13]Gordon W S, Famiglietti J S, Fowler N L, et al. Validation of simulated runoff from six terrestrial ecosystem models: Results from VEMAP[J].Ecological Applications,2004,14(2):527-545.
[14]Yang Daqing, Jiang Tong, Zhang Yinsheng, et al. Analysis and correction of errors in precipitation measurement at the head of Urumqi River, Tianshan[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,1988, 10(4):384-399.[杨大庆,姜彤,张寅生,等.天山乌鲁木齐河源降水观测误差分析及改正[J]. 冰川冻土，1988,10（4）：384 -399.]
[15]Oldak T T J, Starks P, Elliott R. Mapping near-surface soil moisture on regional scale using ERS-2 SAR data[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,2003, 24(22):4 579-4 598.
[16]Ogunjemiyo S, Roberts D, Keightley K, et al.Evaluating the relationship between AVIRIS water vapor and poplar plantation evapotranspiration[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2002, 107(D23):4 719.
[17]Pavel K，Holger H，Lütkemeier S. Biospheric Aspects of the Hydrological Cycle[J]. Global Chang Newsletter, 2002,52:22-23.
[18]Brent D N, Bradford P, W, Steve A, et al. The Ecohydrology of Arid and Semiarid Environments: A Scientific Vision[R/OL].http://www.cuahsi.org,2004.
[19]Zhao Wenzhi, Cheng Guodong. Ecohydrology a science for studing the hudrologic mechanisms of ecological patterns and processes[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2001, 23(4): 150-475.[赵文智，程国栋. 生态水文学：揭示生态过程和生态格局水文学机制的科学[J]. 冰川冻土，2001, 23（4）：150-457.]
[20]Zhao Wenzhi, Cheng Guodong. Review of several problems on the study of eco-hydrological processes in arid zones [J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2002, 47(5): 353-360.[赵文智，程国栋. 干旱区生态水文过程研究若干问题评述[J]. 科学通报，2001, 46（22）：1 851-1 857.]
[21]Porporato A, D’Odorico P, Laio F,et al. Ecohydrology of water-controlled ecosystems[J].Advances in Water Resources,2002, 25: 1 335-1 348.
[22]Rodriguez-Iturbe I. Ecohydrology: A hydrologic perspective of climate-soil-vegetation dynamics[J].Water Resources Research,2002, 6: 3-9.
[23]Ji Xibin, Kang Ersi, Zhao Wenzhi, et al. Simulation of evapotranspiration from irrigational farmlands in the oases of the Heihe River Basin [J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryolory,2004, 26(6): 713-718. [吉喜斌，康尔泗，赵文智,等.黑河流域山前绿洲灌溉农田蒸散发模拟研究[J]. 冰川冻土，26（6）：713-718.]
[24]Eltahir E A B, Bras R L. Sensitivity of regional climate to deforestation in the Amazon basin [J].Advances in Water Resources,1994, 17: 101-115. 
[25]Rodriguez-Iturbe I. Ecohydrology: A hydrologic perspective of climate-soil-vegetation dynamics[J].Water Resources Research,2000,6: 3-9.
[26]Chen Rensheng, Kang Ersi, Yang Jianping, et al. A distributed runoff model for inland river mouintainous basin of northwest China[J].Journal of Desert Research,2004, 24(4): 416-424.[陈仁升,康尔泗,杨建平,等.内陆河流域分布式水文模型——以黑河干流山区建模为例[J]. 中国沙漠，2004, 24(4)：416-424.
[27]Chen Rensheng, Kang Ersi, Yang Jianping,et al. Simulation of water resources transformation in the midstream area of the Hei River Basin[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2003, 25(5): 566-573. [陈仁升，康尔泗，杨建平,等.黑河流域山前绿洲水量转化模拟研究[J]. 冰川冻土，2003, 25（5）：566-573.]
[28]Chen Rensheng, Lü Shihua, Kang Ersi, et al. A Distributed Water-Heat Coupled (DWHC) model for mountainous watershed of an inland riber basin (I): Model structure and equations [J].Advances in Earth Science,2006, 21(8):806-818.[陈仁升，吕世华，康尔泗. 内陆河高寒山区流域分布式水热耦合模型I：模型原理 [J]. 地球科学进展，2006, 21（8）：806 – 818. ]
[29]Chen Rensheng, Kang Ersi, Lü Shihua, et al. A Distributed Water-Heat Coupled (DWHC) model for mountainous watershed of an inland river basin(Ⅱ): Model results using the measured data at the meteorological & hydrological stations [J].Advances in Earth Science,2006, 21(8):819-829. [陈仁升，康尔泗，吕世华，等. 内陆河高寒山区流域分布式水热耦合模型Ⅱ：地面资料驱动结果[J]. 地球科学进展，2006,21（8）：819-829.]
[30]Chen Rensheng, Gao Yanhong, Kang Ersi, et al. A Distributed Water-Heat Coupled (DWHC) model for mountainous watershed of an inland river basin (Ⅲ): Model results using the results from MM5 model [J].Advances in Earth Science,2006, 21(8): 830-837. [陈仁升，高艳红，康尔泗,等.内陆河高寒山区流域分布式水热耦合模型 (Ⅲ)：MM5嵌套结果[J].地球科学进展，2006, 21（8）：830-837.]
[31]Wang Shugong, Kang Ersi, Li Xin. Progress and perspective of distributed hydrological models [J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2004,26(1):61-65.[王书功，康尔泗，李新.分布式水文模型的进展及展望[J]. 冰川冻土，2004，26（1）：61-65.]
[32]Walvoord M A, Phillips F M. Identifying areas of basin-floor recharge in the Trans-Pecos region and the link to vegetation[J].Journal of Hydrology，2004， 292: 59-74.
[33]Copeland H R A，Kittel T. Potential impacts of vegetation change: A regional modeling study[J].Journal of Geophysical Research，1996，101 (D3):7 409-7 418.
[34]Pielke R A, Avissar R. Influence of landscape structure on local and regional climate [J].Landscape Ecology,1990, 4: 133-155.
[35]Running S W, Coughlan J C. A general model of forest ecosystem processes for regional applications I. Hydrologic balance, canopy gas exchange and primary production processes[J].Ecological Modelling,1988,42:125-154.
[36]Landsberg J J, Waring R H. A generalized model of forest productivity using simplified concepts of radiation-use efficiency, carbon balance and partitioning[J].Forest Ecology and Management,1997, 95: 209-228.
[37]Chen Rensheng, Kang Ersi, Zhang Zhihui, et al. Estination of tree transpiration and response of tree conductance to meteorological variables in desert-oases system of northwest China [J].Science in China (Series D),2004,7(suppl.): 9-20.[陈仁升，康尔泗，张智慧,等.荒漠绿洲系统树木蒸腾估算及气孔导度对气象因子的响应[J].中国科学:D辑, 2004, 33(增刊)：9-20.]
[38]Chen Rensheng, Kang Ersi, Zhang Zhihui, et al. Peak phenomenon of sapflow in late autumn to early winter in Heihe River Basin, northwest China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2005, 25(5):1 221-1 228.[陈仁升，康尔泗，张智慧,等.黑河流域树木液流秋末冬初的峰值现象[J]. 生态学报，2005，25（5）：1 221-1 228.]
[39]IPCC. The Scientific Basis[R]. IPCC, ed. Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001:881.
[40]Fern ndez-Illescas C P, Rodr guez-Iturbe I. The impact of interannual rainfall variability on the spatial and temporal patterns of vegetation in a water-limited ecosystem[J].Advances in Water Resources,2004, 27: 83-95.
[41]Kerkoff A J, Martens S N, Shore G A, et al. Contingent effects of water balance variation on tree cover density in semiarid woodlands[J].Global Ecology and Biogeography,2004, 13: 237-246.
[42]Chorover L, Chadwick J, April O, et al. Frontiers in Exploration of the Critical Zone: Report of a workshop sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF)[R].Newark, DE,October 24-26, 2005.
[43]Wang Genxu, Cheng Guodong. The spatial differential features of eco-environment in inland river basins [J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,1998, 18(4): 355-361.[王根绪，程国栋. 内陆河流域生态环境的空间分异特征[J]. 地理科学，1998, 18（4）：355-361.]
[44]Lu Ling, Li Xin, Cheng Guodong, et al. Analysis on the landscape structure of the Heihe River Basin, Northwest China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2001, 21(8): 1 217-1 224.[卢玲，李新，程国栋,等.黑河流域景观结构分析[J]. 生态学报，2001，21(8): 1 217-1 224.]
[45]Kang Ersi, Cheng Guodong, Song Kechao, et al. Simulation of energy and water balance in Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Transfer system in the mountain area of Heihe River Basin at Hexi Corridor of northwest China[J].Science in China (Series D), 2005, 48(4): 538-548. [康尔泗，程国栋，宋克超,等.河西走廊黑河山区土壤—植被—大气系统能水平衡模拟研究[J]. 中国科学:D辑, 2005, 34(6)：544-551.]
[46]Kang Ersi, Song Kechao, Chen Rensheng, et al. Some advancement of the experimental researches on eco-hydrological processes in the Inland River Basins[C]//Science & Technology Review ed. Promotion of Science and Technology Innovation by Scientific Development View. Monograph of 2005 Annual Conference of China Association for Science and Technology. Beijing: Science and Technology Press,2005:734-748.[康尔泗,宋克超,陈仁升,等.内陆河流域生态—水文过程观测试验研究的一些进展[C]//中国科协2005年学术年会论文集——以科学发展观促进科技创新.北京：中国科学技术出版社，2005:734-748.]
[47]Chen Rensheng, Kang Ersi, Ji Xibin, et al. Preliminary srudy of the hudrological processes in the Alpine meadow and permafrost regions at the headwaters of Heihe River[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2007, 29(3): 387-396.[陈仁升，康尔泗，吉喜斌,等.黑河高寒草甸区冻土水文过程初步研究[J]. 冰川冻土，29（3）：387-396.]

[1]	刘元波, 吴桂平, 赵晓松, 范兴旺, 潘鑫, 甘国靖, 刘永伟, 郭瑞芳, 周晗, 王颖, 王若男, 崔逸凡. 流域水文遥感的科学问题与挑战[J]. 地球科学进展, 2020, 35(5): 488-496.
[2]	邱国玉,张晓楠. 21世纪中国的城市化特点及其生态环境挑战[J]. 地球科学进展, 2019, 34(6): 640-649.
[3]	夏军, 左其亭, 韩春辉. 生态水文学学科体系及学科发展战略[J]. 地球科学进展, 2018, 33(7): 665-674.
[4]	刘鹄, 赵文智, 李中恺. 地下水依赖型生态系统生态水文研究进展[J]. 地球科学进展, 2018, 33(7): 741-750.
[5]	沈有信, 赵志猛, 毕胜春, 赵高卷, 刘娟. 陆地系统中的露石及其生态作用[J]. 地球科学进展, 2018, 33(4): 343-349.
[6]	李天生, 夏军. 基于Budyko理论分析珠江流域中上游地区气候与植被变化对径流的影响 ^*[J]. 地球科学进展, 2018, 33(12): 1248-1258.
[7]	何志斌, 杜军, 陈龙飞, 朱喜, 赵敏敏. 干旱区山地森林生态水文研究进展[J]. 地球科学进展, 2016, 31(10): 1078-1089.
[8]	刘铸, 李忠勤. 近期冰川表面径流系数变化的影响因素----以天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川为例[J]. 地球科学进展, 2016, 31(1): 103-112.
[9]	张惠, 张志强. 民勤县经济发展与生态环境的定量关系研究[J]. 地球科学进展, 2014, 29(5): 632-639.
[10]	冯起,苏永红,司建华,常宗强,席海洋,郭瑞,陈丽娟,霍红,秦燕燕. 黑河流域生态水文样带调查[J]. 地球科学进展, 2013, 28(2): 187-196.
[11]	晋锐，李新，阎保平，罗万明，李秀红，郭建文，马明国，亢健，张艳林. 黑河流域生态水文传感器网络设计[J]. 地球科学进展, 2012, 27(9): 993-1005.
[12]	李新，刘绍民，马明国，肖青，柳钦火，晋锐，车涛，王维真，祁元，李弘毅，朱高峰，郭建文，冉有华. 黑河流域生态—水文过程综合遥感观测联合试验总体设计[J]. 地球科学进展, 2012, 27(5): 481-498.
[13]	刘立超，杨昊天，李新荣，高艳红，贾荣亮. 土壤斥水性及其生态水文效应研究进展[J]. 地球科学进展, 2011, 26(9): 926-932.
[14]	程国栋，赵传燕，王瑶. 内陆河流域森林生态系统生态水文过程研究[J]. 地球科学进展, 2011, 26(11): 1125-1130.
[15]	王凌河,严登华,龙爱华,杨舒媛. 流域生态水文过程模拟研究进展[J]. 地球科学进展, 2009, 24(8): 891-898.

阅读次数

全文

摘要

Some Scientific Problems Facing Researches on Hydrological Processes in an Inland River Basin