从《IPCC 2006 国家温室气体排放清单增补：2013湿地》谈湿地温室气体计量进展及问题

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2014.10.1120

通过对《IPCC 2006 国家温室气体排放清单增补：2013湿地》出台的背景、湿地类别的划分、温室气体计量方法学进行解读,从温室气体排放源、计量方法和排放因子3个方面对湿地温室气体排放的计量进行了分析,重点探讨了对《IPCC 2006国家温室气体排放清单指南》中方法学的更新与改进,结合我国湿地研究的现状,进一步指出我国湿地研究中亟待解决的关键问题和未来研究的主要方向,为我国湿地排放清单指南的编制提供了理论指导。

关键词: 湿地, 温室气体排放清单, 排放因子, 方法学, IPCC

To fill the Gaps of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) inventory for wetland in “2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories” (“IPCC 2006”), the “2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Inventories: Wetlands” (“Wetlands Supplement”) was published to public on February 28, 2014.The “Wetland Supplement” was reviewed from the aspects of the background, the division of wetland types and the methodology for GHG inventory. The GHG methodology was investigated from GHG emission source, GHG account methods and GHG emission factors. Especially, the updates and improvements for the “IPCC 2006” were emphatically discussesd. In general, the “Wetland Supplement” provided the new estimation methods of GHG emissions and removals from coastal wetlands and constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment by human activities, and also updated some key emission factors for various types of wetlands. Considering the present situation in China, the problems demanding prompt solution and the future research trend was pointed out for wetland research area. In the further, this study could provide the scientific basis for wetland GHG inventory in China.

Key words: Wetland, Greenhouse gas inventory, Emission factor, Methodology, IPCC.

中图分类号:

P467

表1

Table 1 Comparison between “2013 Wetlands Supplement” and “2006 IPCC Guidelines”

湿地类型	温室气体	2006清单指南	2013湿地增补
内陆排干有机土	CO₂	(1) 根据土地利用类别,气候区,泥炭地养分情况,计量地上部,地下部,枯死木,凋落物,土壤有机质,木材产品碳库变化;(2)生物质燃烧(除土壤有机碳库)	(1)根据土地利用类别、气候区、落干级别、养分情况,更新了土壤有机碳库变化的排放因子;新增了由于DOC损失造成的离位CO₂排放;(2)新增了生物质燃烧造成的土壤有机碳库变化
	CH₄	-	根据土地利用类别、气候区、落干级别、养分情况,新增了落干有机土CH₄排放和排水沟的离位CH₄排放
	N₂O	管理土壤的N₂O排放	根据土地利用类别、气候区、落干级别、养分情况,更新了N₂O排放因子
还湿有机土	CO₂	-	根据气候区和极地区养分状况,开发了CO₂排放/清除和离位DOC排放的计量方法
	CH₄	-	根据气候区和极地和温带的养分状况,开发了CH₄排放计量方法
	N₂O	-	只在高层次的方法中考虑N₂O的排放
沿海湿地	CO₂	-	根据气候区、植被类型、盐度和管理活动,开发了红树林管理、采掘、还湿、植被重建、新建湿地以及红树林和潮泛沼泽落干管理下CO₂排放/清除计量方法
	CH₄	-	根据湿地类别和盐度,开发了还湿红树林和潮泛沼泽的CH₄排放
	N₂O	-	根据鱼类产量,开发了水产养殖N₂O排放的计量方法
内陆湿地矿质土壤	CO₂	根据土地利用类别和气候区,考虑了土壤有机碳库变化	根据气候区和管理活动,更新了土壤有机碳库参考值;并根据气候区和湿度情况,新增了长期耕作和还湿活动下农田碳库变化因子
	CH₄	-	根据气候区,开发了还湿和新建湿地的CH₄排放计量方法
	N₂O	-	-
污水处理人工湿地	CO₂	土地利用变化下碳库变化的计量直接参考一般性方法学;未给出专门的方法学	土地利用变化下碳库变化的计量直接参考IPCC 2006中一般性方法学;未给出专门的方法学
	CH₄	根据废水类别、BOD/COD、处理方法,考虑了CH₄和N₂O排放	根据废水类别、BOD/COD、人工和半自然湿地处理方法、水流方式,考虑了人工和半自然湿地的CH₄和N₂O排放
	N₂O	根据废水类别、BOD/COD、处理方法,考虑了CH₄和N₂O排放	根据废水类别、BOD/COD、人工和半自然湿地处理方法、水流方式,考虑了人工和半自然湿地的CH₄和N₂O排放

表1

Table 1 Comparison between “2013 Wetlands Supplement” and “2006 IPCC Guidelines”

湿地类型	温室气体	2006清单指南	2013湿地增补
内陆排干有机土	CO₂	(1) 根据土地利用类别,气候区,泥炭地养分情况,计量地上部,地下部,枯死木,凋落物,土壤有机质,木材产品碳库变化;(2)生物质燃烧(除土壤有机碳库)	(1)根据土地利用类别、气候区、落干级别、养分情况,更新了土壤有机碳库变化的排放因子;新增了由于DOC损失造成的离位CO₂排放;(2)新增了生物质燃烧造成的土壤有机碳库变化
	CH₄	-	根据土地利用类别、气候区、落干级别、养分情况,新增了落干有机土CH₄排放和排水沟的离位CH₄排放
	N₂O	管理土壤的N₂O排放	根据土地利用类别、气候区、落干级别、养分情况,更新了N₂O排放因子
还湿有机土	CO₂	-	根据气候区和极地区养分状况,开发了CO₂排放/清除和离位DOC排放的计量方法
	CH₄	-	根据气候区和极地和温带的养分状况,开发了CH₄排放计量方法
	N₂O	-	只在高层次的方法中考虑N₂O的排放
沿海湿地	CO₂	-	根据气候区、植被类型、盐度和管理活动,开发了红树林管理、采掘、还湿、植被重建、新建湿地以及红树林和潮泛沼泽落干管理下CO₂排放/清除计量方法
	CH₄	-	根据湿地类别和盐度,开发了还湿红树林和潮泛沼泽的CH₄排放
	N₂O	-	根据鱼类产量,开发了水产养殖N₂O排放的计量方法
内陆湿地矿质土壤	CO₂	根据土地利用类别和气候区,考虑了土壤有机碳库变化	根据气候区和管理活动,更新了土壤有机碳库参考值;并根据气候区和湿度情况,新增了长期耕作和还湿活动下农田碳库变化因子
	CH₄	-	根据气候区,开发了还湿和新建湿地的CH₄排放计量方法
	N₂O	-	-
污水处理人工湿地	CO₂	土地利用变化下碳库变化的计量直接参考一般性方法学;未给出专门的方法学	土地利用变化下碳库变化的计量直接参考IPCC 2006中一般性方法学;未给出专门的方法学
	CH₄	根据废水类别、BOD/COD、处理方法,考虑了CH₄和N₂O排放	根据废水类别、BOD/COD、人工和半自然湿地处理方法、水流方式,考虑了人工和半自然湿地的CH₄和N₂O排放
	N₂O	根据废水类别、BOD/COD、处理方法,考虑了CH₄和N₂O排放	根据废水类别、BOD/COD、人工和半自然湿地处理方法、水流方式,考虑了人工和半自然湿地的CH₄和N₂O排放

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摘要

A Discussion on Quantification of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Wetlands Based on “2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands”