滩涂围垦对盐沼湿地碳收支的影响研究进展

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2017.06.0599

地球科学进展 ›› 2017, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (6): 599 -614. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2017.06.0599

滩涂围垦对盐沼湿地碳收支的影响研究进展

李建国 ¹(

), 王文超 ¹, 濮励杰 ^2, ^3, ^*(

), 刘丽丽 ¹, 张忠启 ¹, 李强 ¹

1.江苏师范大学地理测绘与城乡规划学院,江苏徐州 221116
2.南京大学地理与海洋科学学院, 江苏南京 210023
3.国土资源部海岸带开发与保护重点实验室,江苏南京 210023

收稿日期:2016-12-22 修回日期:2017-03-17 出版日期:2017-06-20
通讯作者: 濮励杰 E-mail:lijianguo531@126.com;ljpu@nju.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目“江苏沿海滩涂围垦土地质量变化过程和生态响应”(编号:41230751);江苏师范大学高校博士科研启动基金项目“沿海滩涂围垦土地土壤碳库时空演变及其机制——以江苏省如东县为例”(编号:15XLR017)资助

Coastal Reclamation and Saltmarsh Carbon Budget: Advances and Prospects

Jianguo Li ¹( ), Wenchao Wang ¹, Lijie Pu ^2, ^3, ^*( ), Lili Liu ¹, Zhongqi Zhang ¹, Qiang Li ¹

1.School of Geography, Geomatics, Planning, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou Jiangsu 221116, China
2. School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
3. The Key Laboratory of the Coastal Zone Exploitation and Protection, Ministry of Land and Resources, Nanjing 210023, China

Received:2016-12-22 Revised:2017-03-17 Online:2017-06-20 Published:2017-06-10
Contact: Lijie Pu E-mail:lijianguo531@126.com;ljpu@nju.edu.cn
About author:
First author:Li Jianguo(1986-),male,Siyang County,Jiangsu Province,Lecturer. Research areas include reclamation and ecological response in coastal areas.E-mail:lijianguo531@126.com
Supported by:
Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China “Land quality change process and ecological response following reclamation in Jiangsu coastal areas”(No.41230751);Startup Foundation for Ph.D.Scientific Research of Jiangsu Normal University “Spatial and temporal evolution of soil carbon pool and its mechanism in reclamation zones of coastal areas—A case study of Rudong County,Jiangsu Province”(No.15XLR017)

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滨海盐沼湿地是全球重要的碳库,也是典型的脆弱生态系统。近年来,随着人口的增加,滨海盐沼湿地围垦开发已经成为缓解区域人口压力,保障粮食安全,促进经济发展的一项重要措施,特别是在发展中国家。围垦活动过程中必然会改变原有生态系统碳循环的路径和模式,进而影响全球的碳收支平衡。通过对大量文献的检索与总结,对国内外3种滨海盐沼湿地类型(红树林盐沼湿地、河口潮滩盐沼湿地和海岸潮滩盐沼湿地)土壤有机碳含量、固碳速率、碳排放速率以及围垦后的变化进行梳理和概括,给出滨海盐沼湿地围垦后土壤碳循环的一般规律与变化趋势,结果表明:①欧美长期滩涂开发形成的认识与滩涂围垦后的生态环境效应演变不适用于东亚发展中国家的短期高强度农业围垦,应注重东亚地区海岸围垦方式下的碳效应研究;②从滩涂湿地有机碳含量及其固碳速率来看,红树林盐沼湿地最高,河口潮滩盐沼湿地次之,海岸潮滩盐沼湿地最低。土壤黏粒、团聚体和埋藏速率对其具有较为明显的正向效应;淹水频率、盐分、地下水位反之。滩涂围垦后土壤有机碳含量呈先降后增的趋势,其转折点在围垦后30年左右,水田耕作对滩涂土壤有机碳富集效果最明显;③滩涂盐沼湿地的主要碳排放方式是CH₄和CO₂,其中CO₂的排放强度和通量都较大,且以红树林盐沼湿地最高。芦苇和互花米草的土壤碳排放强度相比于光滩要大很多。涨潮的过程中湿地碳排放强度要明显低于涨潮前后。滩涂围垦后的土壤碳排放强度要明显高于自然滩涂土壤,特别是围垦后的旱田耕作下的CO₂排放。从监测的结果来看,围垦前滩涂湿地表现为较强的碳汇,而围垦后表现出较为明显的碳源。最后,提出今后研究的重点方向和内容:抓紧开展滨海盐沼湿地碳收支清单的制定;不同围垦方式对滨海盐沼湿地碳循环影响的定量表达;加强开展未来滨海围垦模式及其土壤碳循环响应的刻画与模拟研究。

关键词: 滩涂围垦, 滨海盐沼湿地, 碳收支

As an important carbon pool and fragile eco-system of earth system, more and more coastal saltmarshes have been reclaimed for releasing population pressure and promoting food safety and economic development, especially in developing countries. During reclamation, original soil carbon cycling pattern and pathway in saltmarshs would be changed, which furthermore could change global carbon budget. In this study, a great amounts of literature and data were summerized to generalize the changes of soil organic carbon, carbon sequestration rate and carbon flux in three main kinds of saltmarshes (Mangrove saltmarsh, Estuary saltmarsh and coastal saltmarsh) during reclamation. The results are as shown: ①The conclusions collected from Europe and America are not suitable to eastern Asia’s coast and more attention should be paid to eastern Asia’s coastal reclamation; ②Mangrove saltmarshes have higher Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) and carbon sequestration rate, followed by estuary saltmarshes and coastal saltmarshes. Soil clay, aggregate, burial rate usually have positive effect on SOC sequestration in coastal areas. Flood frequency, salinity and underground water level generally have negative effect on it. After reclamation, coastal SOC first shows a decrease followed by an increase. Nearly 30 years of reclamation is the turning point where paddy fields can significantly promote SOC; ③CH₄ and CO₂ are the main ways of carbon emission in coastal areas of which CO₂ flux usually is the largest. Mangrove saltmarshes’ carbon emissions are the highest. In natural sites, the carbon emissions in Spartina alterniflora Loisel. and Phragmites australis are higher than those in bare flat areas. Carbon fluxes in flood tide usually are lower than those in other periods. Otherwise, carbon fluxes in natural saltmarshes are far lower than those in reclamation zones, especially upland tillage zones. The results acquired from field monitoring, saltmarshes are the carbon sinks and become the carbon sources when reclamation activities happen. Finally, three main aspects of coastal study were given as follows: much more attention should be paid to carbon budget inventory in saltmarshes; the effect of reclamation activity (i.e., anthropogenic activity, tillage practice, land use, etc.) on carbon cycling in ocean-inland system; the study of land use and reclamation process simulation and its impact on carbon cycling in coastal zone should be strengthened.

Key words: Reclamation activity, Saltmarsh, Carbon budget.

中图分类号:

P748

表1 不同盐沼湿地土壤有机碳含量及固碳速率

Table 1 Soil organic carbon and carbon sequestration rate in different saltmarshes

地区	盐沼湿地类型	有机碳 /(g/kg)	土壤深度 /cm	固碳速率 /(g C/(m²·a))	参考文献
全球	红树林	—	—	~100	[45]
海南(中国)	红树林	20~52	0~20	—	[46]
雷州半岛(中国)	红树林	—	0~10	85~95	[34]
Khlong Sawi(泰国南部)	红树林	30~70	0~20	280.8	[47]
美国南部	红树林	—	—	180	[45]
长江河口(中国)	河口潮滩	2.8~4.8	0~20	—	[48]
Hunter河口(澳大利亚)	河口潮滩	14~74	0~20	13.7	[4]
珠江河口(中国)	河口潮滩	13.48~15.44	0~20	—	[49]
黄河河口(中国)	河口潮滩	3~5	0~10	—	[37]
杭州湾(中国)	河口潮滩	7~8	0~10	—	[50]
魁北克(加拿大)	河口潮滩	19~41	0~20	—	[51]
连云港(中国)	海岸潮滩	2.3~4.1	0~20	0.0537±.05131	[52,53]
盐城(中国)	海岸潮滩	—	—	1.77	[54]
Korcula岛(克罗地亚)	海岸潮滩	4.14~8.14	0~100	—	[55]

表1 不同盐沼湿地土壤有机碳含量及固碳速率

Table 1 Soil organic carbon and carbon sequestration rate in different saltmarshes

地区	盐沼湿地类型	有机碳 /(g/kg)	土壤深度 /cm	固碳速率 /(g C/(m²·a))	参考文献
全球	红树林	—	—	~100	[45]
海南(中国)	红树林	20~52	0~20	—	[46]
雷州半岛(中国)	红树林	—	0~10	85~95	[34]
Khlong Sawi(泰国南部)	红树林	30~70	0~20	280.8	[47]
美国南部	红树林	—	—	180	[45]
长江河口(中国)	河口潮滩	2.8~4.8	0~20	—	[48]
Hunter河口(澳大利亚)	河口潮滩	14~74	0~20	13.7	[4]
珠江河口(中国)	河口潮滩	13.48~15.44	0~20	—	[49]
黄河河口(中国)	河口潮滩	3~5	0~10	—	[37]
杭州湾(中国)	河口潮滩	7~8	0~10	—	[50]
魁北克(加拿大)	河口潮滩	19~41	0~20	—	[51]
连云港(中国)	海岸潮滩	2.3~4.1	0~20	0.0537±.05131	[52,53]
盐城(中国)	海岸潮滩	—	—	1.77	[54]
Korcula岛(克罗地亚)	海岸潮滩	4.14~8.14	0~100	—	[55]

图1 滨海盐沼湿地与2007年围垦区土壤发生层比较(江苏如东县,2012年9月)

Fig.1 The difference of soil genetic horizon between bare flat and reclaimed zone in 2007 (Rudong,Jiangsu, 2012.09)

表2 不同盐沼湿地甲烷与二氧化碳排放通量

Table 2 CO ₂ and CH ₄ flux in different saltmarshes

地区	盐沼湿地类型	甲烷 /(g CH₄ /(m²·h))	二氧化碳 /(g CO₂/(m²·h))	参考文献
巴厘岛(印度尼西亚)	红树林	—	43 700	[94]
Tamil Nadu(印度南部)	红树林	42.75	—	[95]
南卡罗来纳州(美国)	海岸潮滩	—	223.2~327.6	[90]
Tamil Nadu(印度南部)	海岸潮滩	27.16	—	[95]
芬迪湾(加拿大)	海岸潮滩	0.584	912.5	[83]
维吉尼亚(美国)	河口潮滩	5.6	—	[96]
Tubul-Raqui河口(智利)	河口潮滩	0.41	5 428.3	[97]
巴拉塔里亚(美国)	河口潮滩	—	418	[89]
切萨皮克湾(美国)	河口潮滩	1.3	—	[98]
闽江河口(中国)	河口潮滩	6.87~32.59	—	[99]
长江河口(中国)	河口潮滩	18.05	3 854	[100,101]
杭州湾(中国)	河口潮滩	—	10 393	[102]

表2 不同盐沼湿地甲烷与二氧化碳排放通量

Table 2 CO ₂ and CH ₄ flux in different saltmarshes

地区	盐沼湿地类型	甲烷 /(g CH₄ /(m²·h))	二氧化碳 /(g CO₂/(m²·h))	参考文献
巴厘岛(印度尼西亚)	红树林	—	43 700	[94]
Tamil Nadu(印度南部)	红树林	42.75	—	[95]
南卡罗来纳州(美国)	海岸潮滩	—	223.2~327.6	[90]
Tamil Nadu(印度南部)	海岸潮滩	27.16	—	[95]
芬迪湾(加拿大)	海岸潮滩	0.584	912.5	[83]
维吉尼亚(美国)	河口潮滩	5.6	—	[96]
Tubul-Raqui河口(智利)	河口潮滩	0.41	5 428.3	[97]
巴拉塔里亚(美国)	河口潮滩	—	418	[89]
切萨皮克湾(美国)	河口潮滩	1.3	—	[98]
闽江河口(中国)	河口潮滩	6.87~32.59	—	[99]
长江河口(中国)	河口潮滩	18.05	3 854	[100,101]
杭州湾(中国)	河口潮滩	—	10 393	[102]

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