地球科学进展 ›› 2018, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (9): 898 -913. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2018.09.0898

综述与评述 上一篇    下一篇

涡动相关能量闭合问题的研究进展
周彦昭 1, 2( ), 李新 3, 4, *( )   
  1. 1.中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院 甘肃省遥感重点实验室,甘肃 兰州 730000
    2.中国科学院大学,北京 100049
    3.中国科学院青藏高原地球科学卓越创新中心,北京 100101
    4.中国科学院青藏高原研究所,北京 100101
  • 出版日期:2018-10-20
  • 通讯作者: 李新 E-mail:zhouyanzhao@lzb.ac.cn;lixin@lzb.ac.cn
  • 基金资助:
    ?国家自然科学基金项目“黑河流域水—生态—经济系统的集成模拟与预测”(编号: 91425303)中国科学院交叉创新团队“水文数据同化交叉团队”(编号: XXH13505-06)资助.

Progress in the Energy Closure of Eddy Covariance Systems

Yanzhao Zhou 1, 2( ), Xin Li 3, 4, *( )   

  1. 1.Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
    2.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049, China
    3.CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
    4.Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
  • Online:2018-10-20 Published:2018-10-24
  • Contact: Xin Li E-mail:zhouyanzhao@lzb.ac.cn;lixin@lzb.ac.cn
  • About author:

    First author:Zhou Yanzhao(1989-), male, Xingtai City, Hebei Province, Ph.D student. Research areas include applications of remote sensing and GIS in hydrology and numerical simulations in atmospheric boundary layer. E-mail:zhouyanzhao@lzb.ac.cn

  • Supported by:
    Foundation item:Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China "Integrated modeling and prediction of the water-ecosystem-economy in the Heihe River Basin"(No.91425303);The Inter-disciplinary Innovation Team of the Chinese Academy of Science "The inter-disciplinary innovation team of data assimilation in hydrology"(No.XXH13505-06).

涡动相关系统(EC)观测的湍流通量总是低于有效能量(净辐射与地表热储量之差),两者的差值可达有效能量的10%~30%。这种EC观测的湍流通量低估的现象,称之为“EC能量闭合问题”,已成为微气象学研究中的一大瓶颈。过去的几十年间大量学者对此问题进行了深入研究,积累了丰富的认知。系统介绍了EC能量闭合问题的成因,总结了学者对于EC能量闭合问题的认识以及基于这些认识提出的可能的修正方案,并详细评述了这些修正方案的优劣。与之前的综述不同,重点介绍了基于大涡模拟(LES)研究EC能量闭合问题的方法和进展。指出目前缺少高精度且时间连续、空间密集(如矩阵式观测)的地表通量观测数据集、LES尚不足以完全表征真实的EC观测、大尺度湍涡影响EC能量闭合的机制尚不清楚等问题。今后应加强大尺度湍涡影响EC能量闭合的机制研究,同时开展空间矩阵式观测,验证LES的结果。

The sum of turbulent fluxes measured by the eddy-covariance method is often 10%~30% lower than available energy (i.e., the net radiation minus the ground heat flux). This systematic bias in the EC method is called the "EC energy closure problem" and has been one of the biggest challenges in micrometeorology. In the past decades, lots of studies have focused on this problem and have found extensive knowledge about it. In this paper, we introduced the reasons to the EC energy closure problem and systematically summarized the understandings on this problem with a discussion regarding the merits and limitations of possible correction methods. Compared with previous overview studies, our study focused on the methods and progresses on the EC energy closure problem using the Large Eddy Simulation (LES). The existing problem, e.g., the lack of high quality and high spatial density of "surface true fluxes" observations (e.g., matric observations), the failure of fully emulating the EC using the LES and how to mechanistically understand that large eddies affect turbulence structures and lead to non-closure problem, hinder the further understanding of the EC energy closure problem. Thus, in the future, focus should be put on the mechanistic understanding of how large eddies affect the non-closure problem and some dense field observations to obtain the high quality "surface true fluxes".

中图分类号: 

表1 主要野外观测试验中能量闭合情况(据参考文献[ 13 ]修改)
Table 1 The energy residuals in field observations (modified after reference[13])
表1 主要野外观测试验中能量闭合情况(据参考文献[ 13 ]修改)
Table 1 The energy residuals in field observations (modified after reference[13])
图1 EC控制体积方法示意图 [31]
u, v, w 分别为顺风向速度、侧风向速度和垂直速度; c为测定的标量
Fig.1 The sketch of control volume method [31]
The u, v, w are the horizontal, lateral and vertical velocity,respectively; The c is the interested scalar
图1 EC控制体积方法示意图 [31]
u, v, w 分别为顺风向速度、侧风向速度和垂直速度; c为测定的标量
Fig.1 The sketch of control volume method [31]
The u, v, w are the horizontal, lateral and vertical velocity,respectively; The c is the interested scalar
表2 基于LES和野外实测数据研究EC能量闭合问题的优缺点
Table 2 The advantages and disadvantages of the methods based on LES and filed observations
表2 基于LES和野外实测数据研究EC能量闭合问题的优缺点
Table 2 The advantages and disadvantages of the methods based on LES and filed observations
图2 控制体积示意图(据参考文献[ 72 ]修改)
Fig.2 Scheme describing control volume for the sensible heat flux (modified after reference[72])
图2 控制体积示意图(据参考文献[ 72 ]修改)
Fig.2 Scheme describing control volume for the sensible heat flux (modified after reference[72])
表3 基于控制面和控制体的方法的优缺点
Table 3 The advantages and disadvantages between the control face and volume methods
表3 基于控制面和控制体的方法的优缺点
Table 3 The advantages and disadvantages between the control face and volume methods
表4 基于LES的EC能量闭合的研究
Table 4 The studies about the EC energy closure based on LES
表4 基于LES的EC能量闭合的研究
Table 4 The studies about the EC energy closure based on LES
表5 EC能量闭合相关的影响因子
Table 5 The factors related to the flux imbalance of EC during daytime
表5 EC能量闭合相关的影响因子
Table 5 The factors related to the flux imbalance of EC during daytime
表6 EC能量闭合修正公式
Table 6 The correctional equations for the EC flux imbalance
表6 EC能量闭合修正公式
Table 6 The correctional equations for the EC flux imbalance
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