汉江上游晏家棚段全新世古洪水研究
  <sup>*</sup>

doi:10.1167/j.issn.1001-8166.2015.04.0487

通过对汉江上游详尽的野外考察,在湖北郧县晏家棚河段全新世黄土—古土壤地层中发现3层典型古洪水滞流沉积物。在沉积学的基础上,使用OSL技术断代,确定3期特大洪水事件分别在1 000~900 a BP,1 800~1 600 a BP和3 200~2 800 a BP期间发生。采用“古洪水SWD尖灭点高程法”确定这3期古洪水事件的洪峰水位介于176.20~176.73 m。运用ArcGIS耦合HEC-RAS水力模型,推求这3期古洪水事件的洪峰流量介于53 770~55 950 m³/s,并从多种角度验证了该模型计算结果的科学性和合理性。将此结果与实测洪水和历史洪水资料接续,构成万年尺度洪水水文数据序列,得到汉江上游晏家棚河段万年一遇和千年一遇洪水的流量分别为59 100和45 200 m³/s。采用HEC-RAS模型对研究河段进行古洪水模拟,方法科学,结果可靠。将该河段洪水水文数据序列有效地延长到万年尺度,极大地提高了设计洪水的可靠性。

关键词: HEC-RAS模型, 汉江上游, 全新世, 古洪水, 水文学

Three bedsets of typical palaeoflood slackwater deposits (SWDs) were identified in the Holocene loess-soil sequence at Yanjiapeng (YJP) sites along the banks of Yunxian County in the upper Hanjiang River during the detailed investigations. They were studied by field observations and laboratory analysis. These extreme flood events were dated to 1 000~900 a BP, 1 800~1 600 a BP and 3 200~2 800 a BP with the Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating in combination with the previously studies in the Hanjiang River. The palaeostages of these flood episodes were 176.20~176.73 m estimated with the elevations of the end-point of these SWDs. HEC-RAS model within an ArcGIS environment showed that the palaeoflood peak discharges ranged from 53 770 to 55 950 m³/s. The hydraulic parameters and the results were tested from different aspects. The results indicated that the palaeoflood peak discharges reconstructed by the HEC-RAS model were reliable and accurate. Besides, flood data series are extended to a 10 000year time scale established by a combination data of the gauged flood, historical flood and palaeoflood in the upper Hanjiang River, which provided the values of 59 100 m³/s and 45 200 m³/s for the 10 000 a and 1 000 a floods, respectively. This paper establishes a new way in hydrological reconstruction of upper Hanjiang River and is considerably significant in water resource management, flood mitigation and hydrological engineering.

Key words: HEC-RAS hydraulic model, Upper Hanjiang River, Holocene, Palaeoflood, Hydrology.

中图分类号:

P331.1

图1 汉江上游郧县晏家棚地点 (a) 研究地点位置; (b)研究河段河槽断面系列; (c)研究剖面照片

Fig.1 Location of the studied site (a) Location of the studied site; (b) Cross-sections in the YJP reach; (c) Photo of YJP profile

图2 汉江上游郧县晏家棚全新世古洪水滞流沉积物剖面地层划分、描述与年代图

Fig.2 Pedo-stratigraphy subdivision, descriptions and chronology in the YJP profile in the upper Hanjiang River

表1 汉江上游晏家棚剖面OSL测年结果

Table 1 OSL dating results of the sample from the YJP site in the upper Hanjiang River

样品	深度	测试粒径	U	Th	K	含水量	等效剂量	环境剂量	OSL年龄
样品	(cm)	(μm)	(mg/kg)	(mg/kg)	(%)	(%)	De(Gy)	Dy(Gy/ka)	(a)
L_0上	135~140	40~63	2.27±0.09	11.6±0.32	2.02±0.06	20.6	2.82±0.16	3.14±0.07	900±60
SWD2	160~165	40~63	2.06±0.09	10.7±0.31	1.8±0.06	22.4	4.82±0.12	2.79±0.07	1730±60
L_0下	170~175	40~63	2.6±0.10	11.5±0.32	2.01±0.06	22.6	4.90±0.18	2.82±0.05	1740±70
SWD1	180~185	40~63	2.45±0.10	10.2±0.30	2.06±0.06	24.0	6.68±0.80	2.85±0.05	2810±190

表1 汉江上游晏家棚剖面OSL测年结果

Table 1 OSL dating results of the sample from the YJP site in the upper Hanjiang River

样品	深度	测试粒径	U	Th	K	含水量	等效剂量	环境剂量	OSL年龄
样品	(cm)	(μm)	(mg/kg)	(mg/kg)	(%)	(%)	De(Gy)	Dy(Gy/ka)	(a)
L_0上	135~140	40~63	2.27±0.09	11.6±0.32	2.02±0.06	20.6	2.82±0.16	3.14±0.07	900±60
SWD2	160~165	40~63	2.06±0.09	10.7±0.31	1.8±0.06	22.4	4.82±0.12	2.79±0.07	1730±60
L_0下	170~175	40~63	2.6±0.10	11.5±0.32	2.01±0.06	22.6	4.90±0.18	2.82±0.05	1740±70
SWD1	180~185	40~63	2.45±0.10	10.2±0.30	2.06±0.06	24.0	6.68±0.80	2.85±0.05	2810±190

图3 基于HEC-RAS模型建立的汉江上游晏家棚古洪水水面线与7号断面形态

Fig. 3 Calculated flood-surface profiles using HEC-RAS and the 7 ^th cross-section of the channel in the YJP reach along the upper Hanjiang River

表2 汉江上游晏家棚地点古洪水洪峰流量

Table 2 The peak discharge of palaeofloods in YJP reach in the Upper Hanjiang River

洪水期次	指示水位	洪峰流量Q/(m³/s)		差异率/%
洪水期次	指示水位	比降—面积法	HEC-RAS 模型法	差异率/%
SWD3	176.73	52 620	55 950	5.95
SWD2	176.45	51 330	54 820	6.37
SWD1	176.20	50 220	53 770	6.60

表2 汉江上游晏家棚地点古洪水洪峰流量

Table 2 The peak discharge of palaeofloods in YJP reach in the Upper Hanjiang River

洪水期次	指示水位	洪峰流量Q/(m³/s)		差异率/%
洪水期次	指示水位	比降—面积法	HEC-RAS 模型法	差异率/%
SWD3	176.73	52 620	55 950	5.95
SWD2	176.45	51 330	54 820	6.37
SWD1	176.20	50 220	53 770	6.60

图4 汉江上游晏家棚段万年以来不连续洪水水文数据序列

Fig.4 Peak discharge with Baihe gauge station records, historical period records and palaeoflood records at the YJP reach in the upper Hanjiang River

表3 汉江上游晏家棚地点古洪水洪峰流量对糙率系数的灵敏度测试结果

Table 3 Results of the sensitivity test performed on the hydraulic calculations in the YJP reach in the upper Hanjiang River

洪水期次	洪峰流量Q/(m³/s)			变幅/%
洪水期次	n×1.25	n×1	n×0.75	n×1.25	n×0.75
SWD3	46500	55950	63450	-16.89%	13.40%
SWD2	45530	54820	62180	-16.95%	13.43%
SWD1	44650	53770	61050	-16.96%	13.54%

表3 汉江上游晏家棚地点古洪水洪峰流量对糙率系数的灵敏度测试结果

Table 3 Results of the sensitivity test performed on the hydraulic calculations in the YJP reach in the upper Hanjiang River

洪水期次	洪峰流量Q/(m³/s)			变幅/%
洪水期次	n×1.25	n×1	n×0.75	n×1.25	n×0.75
SWD3	46500	55950	63450	-16.89%	13.40%
SWD2	45530	54820	62180	-16.95%	13.43%
SWD1	44650	53770	61050	-16.96%	13.54%

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Holocene Palaeoflood Studies of the Yanjiapeng Reach in the Upper Hanjiang River, China