地球科学进展

地球科学进展 ›› 2020, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (10): 991 -1005. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2020.089

综述与评述 上一篇    下一篇

基于石榴石的变质岩年代学
程昊( ),徐乃潇   
  1. 同济大学 海洋地质国家重点实验室，上海 200092
  • 收稿日期:2020-08-02 修回日期:2020-09-30 出版日期:2020-10-10
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金杰出青年科学基金项目“变质岩年代学”(41925013)

Garnet Geochronology of Metamorphic Rocks

Hao Cheng( ),Naixiao Xu   

  1. State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology，Tongji University，Shanghai 200092，China
  • Received:2020-08-02 Revised:2020-09-30 Online:2020-10-10 Published:2020-11-30
  • About author:Cheng Hao (1975-)， male， Guiding City， Guizhou Province， Professor. Research areas include geochronology and thermochronology on metamorphic rocks. E-mail: chenghao@tongji.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    the National Natural Science Foundation of China “Metamorphic Petrochronology”(41925013)
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准确厘定地质事件的绝对时间是地学最核心的内容之一，放射性同位素地质年代学是最为可靠的绝对定年方法。近半个世纪以来，国际上以固体岩石为定年对象的长周期定年体系的进展乏善可陈，基于石榴石的多同位素定年体系是近10多年来一个在理论和实践中得到长足发展的体系。因为含有多种长周期放射性同位素及其稳定的衰变产物，石榴石可以说是万能的地质年代学定年矿物。随着近些年的化学流程和质谱技术的进步，Sm-Nd和Lu-Hf体系逐渐从众多基于石榴石的定年体系中脱颖而出，成为基于石榴石首选的姊妹定年体系，为变质的时间和过程提供前所未有的分辨率。通过回顾和剖析石榴石姊妹定年体系的基础和发展，及其在获取和解释方面的优势、复杂性和存在的陷阱，指出今后发展的趋势和短期内潜在的突破点。

关键词: 年代学, 石榴石, 变质岩

The determination of the Pressure-Temperature-time （P-T-t） path of metamorphic rocks has an essential role in understanding the tectonic evolution of metamorphic rocks. Garnet has played a crucially important part in our understanding of metamorphic and tectonic processes and conditions. The potential of garnet geochronology in metamorphic rock studies lies in the use of the compositional zoning in garnet to elucidate quantitative P-T paths and the coupled application of multiple geochronometers to constrain the timescales of garnet growth. Garnet has long been the mineral of choice for metamorphic chronology because it hosts a remarkable number of long-lived radioactive isotopes and their stable decay products. These include： 238U， 235U and 232Th， which decay via intermediate steps to 206Pb， 207Pb and 208Pb， respectively； 87Rb， which decays to 87Sr； 176Lu， which decays to 176Hf； and 147Sm， which decays to 143Nd. This makes garnet one of the most versatile mineral phases available to geochronologists. As a result of advances in the techniques for sample preparation and measuring Nd-Hf isotopes by Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry （TIMS） and Multi-Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry （MC-ICP-MS）， garnet Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd geochronology has been increasingly used to constrain the rates and timing of tectonometamorphic processes in orogenic studies over the last two decades. Metamorphic geochronologists have developed new techniques， such as microsampling， to link garnet ages with textural and petrological fingerprints of particular metamorphic processes， leading to major advances in petrogenesis and tectonics. When combined with petrographic and chemical observations， Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd ages in garnets are able to give unprecedented resolution of the timing and processes of metamorphism， although there are many potential pitfalls in the acquisition and interpretation of these data. This paper provides a brief review of the basic science and development of the garnet Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd systems， highlights the potential of garnet Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd geochronology， and reviews several crucial issues related to the complexities of interpretation of the radiometric ages. Examples， limitations， advantages and potential research directions are presented.

Key words: Geochronology, Garnet, Metamorphic rocks

中图分类号: 

图1 衰变常数的不确定性对不同定年体系年龄的影响
（a）衰变常数误差对定年结果的影响[ λ 147Sm=(6.54±0.05)×10 -12 a -1 (1 σ) [ 24 ]， λ 176Lu=(1.867±0.008)×10 -11 a -1 (1 σ） [ 30 , 31 ]]；（b）黑色部分表示不考虑衰变常数误差影响的年龄值，延长的灰色部分表示加入衰变常数误差后的年龄值（据参考文献［ 19 ］修改），前者是2个具有显著性差异的年龄，后者则表现为在误差范围内是一致的2个年龄，据参考文献[ 21 ]修改
Fig.1 Errors in age determinations are controlled by uncertainties in decay constants of different isotopic systems
(a) Errors in age due solely to uncertainties in the decay constant as a function of time [ λ 147Sm = (6.54 ± 0.05)×10 -12 a -1 (1 σ) [ 24 ]; λ 176Lu = (1.867 ± 0.008)× 10 -11 a -1(1 σ） [ 30 , 31 ]]; (b) The smaller black bar represents the analytical uncertainty for each age, whereas the larger white bar encompasses the combined analytical and the decay constants uncertainties (conceptually modified after reference［ 19 ］). In this case, although the analyses agree poorly within analytical uncertainties (black), they agree well when the day constants uncertainties are considered (gray), modified after reference[ 21 ]
图2 石榴石Sm-Nd方法的开创性应用
（a）全岩—石榴石核/边Sm-Nd等时线，据参考文献[ 58 ]修改；(b) 单颗粒石榴石钻取得的12个石榴石样本Sm-Nd等时线； (c) 不同年龄与石榴石半径和体积关系图，指示快速幕式生长，据参考文献[ 8 ]修改
Fig.2 A pioneering application of the garnet Sm-Nd method
(a) Sm-Nd isochron diagram for Whole-Rock (WR)-garnet core and matrix-garnet rim pairs from a graphite-free metapelite, modified after reference [ 58 ]; (b) Isochron diagram for 12 concentric zones in a single garnet showing the corresponding drilled annuli, the differences in isotope ratios relative to the composition of the rim are shown in the lower diagram; (c) Ages of different zones within a garnet plotted as a function of radius and volume with indications of rapid growth episodes, modified after reference [ 8 ]
图3 榴辉岩中石榴石核部与边部的Lu-Hf等时线呈现明显差异
（a）Trescolmen榴辉岩的全岩—石榴石Lu-Hf等时线， 其中插图为Fe元素成分，据参考文献[ 62 ]修改；(b) 大别千斤榴辉岩的石榴石和全岩Lu-Hf等时线图，内部插图显示分离出的2类石榴石具有明显不同的光学特征，据参考文献［ 63 ］修改
Fig.3 Garnet cores and rims from eclogites are distinguishable from Lu-Hf isochrons
(a) Isochron plots illustrating the different ages obtained for two garnet generations present in an eclogite from Trescolmen, the element map for Fe is also shown，modified after reference[ 62 ]; (b) Lu-Hf isochron plot for garnet fraction, bulk rock powder separates of the Qianjin eclogite from the Dabie orogen. Inset photomicrograph shows the separated garnet porphyroblasts with distinct optical contrasts，modified after reference[ 63 ]
图4 单颗粒石榴石的Lu-Hf内部等时线
（a）单颗粒石榴石内部连续分带的Lu-Hf两点等时线，等时线较低点为石榴石边部的组成，附图为Fe的X射线分布图，据参考文献[ 10 ]修改； (b)单颗粒石榴石内部的12个分区、2个石榴石边部与附着基质的混合物以及全岩的Lu-Hf等时线图，附图内带数字的方块对应石榴石颗粒内Lu-Hf定年的取样区域，据参考文献[ 11 ]修改
Fig.4 Lu-Hf isochrons of single garnet grain
(a) Lu-Hf garnet-only two-point isochrons of consecutive garnet segments showing the compositions of the rims of the garnets as the lower points of the isochrons. An X-ray map of Fe is also shown. Numbered boxes indicate sampled sections of the garnet crystals for dating, modified after reference[ 10 ]. (b) Lu-Hf plots for 12 garnet zones in the garnet grain, two mixtures of garnet rims and adhered matrix, and the whole rock. Numbered boxes in the inset photograph of the garnet porphyroblast indicate sampled sections for Lu-Hf dating, modified after reference[ 11 ]
图5 单颗粒微区石榴石耦合Lu-Hf/Sm-Nd定年
（a）白点线所示，通过微锯对1/4的石榴石单颗粒取样，获得的10份样品合并为5份用作同位素测试；(b)该直径为2.1 cm的石榴石按简单的一维模型冷却模拟Sm-Nd和Lu-Hf年龄差。灰色方框代表5份石榴石的Lu-Hf和Sm-Nd年龄平均差异，指示Lu-Hf年龄代表的是前进到峰期变质的时间。模拟结果显示经过峰期变质温度约720 oC后，样品经历了一个速率为2.0~1.5 °C/Ma的冷却过程；据参考文献［ 6 ］修改
Fig.5 Coupled Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd geochronology on a single microsampling garnet
(a) Micro-sawing of a quarter of the mega garnet. Ten rectangle sections were micro-sawed to produce five garnet aliquots for isotope analysis indicated by the dotted white lines; (b) Sm-Nd age resetting profiles as a function of initial cooling rate and peak temperature for a 2.1 cm diameter garnet crystal. Square symbols represent the mean age differences between the calculated Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd ages of the five mega garnet zones, and implies that Lu-Hf ages solely represent prograde to peak metamorphic garnet growth. Note that to reset the Sm-Nd age of the garnet rim, would require peak metamorphic temperature of 720 °C and initial cooling rates of 2.0~1.5 °C/Ma, modified after reference[ 6 ]
图6 祁连榴辉岩中普通粒径石榴石微区钻样Lu-Hf定年（据参考文献［ 70 ］修改）
Fig.6 Lu-Hf isochrons for microdrilling of mm-sized garnets from the Qilian orogen（modified after reference [ 70 ]）
图7 包裹体矿物对石榴石不同定年体系等时线的影响（据参考文献[ 21 ]修改）
（a）包裹体矿物对石榴石Sm-Nd等时线的影响；（b）包裹体矿物对石榴石Lu-Hf等时线的影响
Fig.7 Inclusion issues in different isochron systems（modified after reference[ 21 ]）
(a) Sm-Nd plot showing the effects of contamination due to high Sm/Nd inclusions on measured garnet compositions; (b) Lu-Hf plot showing the effects of old, inherited zircon included in garnet and whole rock samples
图8 石榴石年龄与颗粒大小相关的扩散重置（据参考文献[ 7 ]修改）
（a）大颗粒石榴石和小颗粒石榴石集合中内部裂隙分离开的小区域尺度的小提琴图； （b）定年结果指示石榴石生长的T-t过程的时间和事件记录，红色直线表示优选的T-t路径，不确定的部分用虚线标示
Fig.8 Diffusional resetting of garnet ages with varying radii（modified after reference [ 7 ]）
(a) The violin plot of measured fraction sizes (radii) of the large garnet and a cluster of small euhedral grains, presenting the distribution of the length and probability density; (b) Summary of geochronological data reported in this study and interpreted T-t path. The red line indicates our preferred T-t path. When poorly constrained, the line is thick and dashed
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