地球科学进展

地球科学进展 ›› 2019, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (11): 1131 -1140. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2019.11.1131

综述与评述 上一篇    下一篇

多年冻土区天然气管道工程：技术挑战和应对方案
李欣泽 1, 2, 3( ),金会军 1, 4, 5( )   
  1. 1. 中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院 冻土工程国家重点实验室，甘肃 兰州 730000
    2. 中国科学院大学资源环境学院，北京 100049
    3. 中石化石油工程设计有限公司，山东 东营 257026
    4. 哈尔滨工业大学 土木工程学院，黑龙江 哈尔滨 150090
    5. 哈尔滨工业大学 极地研究院 冻土与寒区工程国际研究中心，黑龙江 哈尔滨 150090
  • 收稿日期:2019-06-23 修回日期:2019-09-27 出版日期:2019-11-10
  • 通讯作者: 金会军 E-mail:slecclxz@sina.com;hjjin@lzb.ac.cn
  • 基金资助:
    中石化石油工程建设有限公司应用基础课题“阿拉斯加天然气管道建设关键技术可行性研究”资助

Technical Challenges and Engineering Solutions for Gas Pipelines in Permafrost Regions: A Review

Xinze Li 1, 2, 3( ),Huijun Jin 1, 4, 5( )   

  1. 1. State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soils Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
    2. Colleage of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
    3. Sinopec Petroleum Engineering Co. , Shandong Dongying 257026，China
    4. School of Civil Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090，China
    5. International Research Center for Polar and Cold Regions Engineering (IRC-PaCRE), Polar Academy of Harbin Institute of Technology (PA-HIT), Harbin 150090, China
  • Received:2019-06-23 Revised:2019-09-27 Online:2019-11-10 Published:2019-12-31
  • Contact: Huijun Jin E-mail:slecclxz@sina.com;hjjin@lzb.ac.cn
  • About author:Li Xinze （1987-）， male， Karamay City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Ph.D student. Research areas include permafrost and cold zone engineering. E-mail： slecclxz@sina.com
  • Supported by:
    the Applied Science of Sinopec Petroleum Engineering Construction Co. LTD "Feasibility study on key technologies for Alaska natural gas pipeline construction"
全文 ( 8 ) 下载PDF ( 1247 )

多年冻土区油气管道工程在许多方面都有别于常温地区的油气管道工程，如偏僻的地理位置和敏感脆弱的环境，更重要是其特殊的气候、水文地质和工程地质条件以及冻融岩土灾害等条件。这使得管道设计、建设、运营、维抢和管道系统安全以及完整性管理等方面面临一系列的特殊难题。不同于已建成并运营至今的美国阿拉斯加（Alyeska）原油管道、加拿大罗曼井（Norman Wells）原油管道、中俄原油管道（漠河—大庆段）和格尔木—拉萨成品油管道，多年冻土区的天然气管道在输运介质、输送温度、环保要求等方面和输油管道有很大差异，将面临一系列新问题和新挑战。通过对多年冻土区天然气管道冷却输送工艺，管道—冻土水、热、力耦合计算，压气站失效后下游管道最低金属温度超限，基于应力设计局限、敷设方式单一、管道运营期监测系统可靠性等冻土区天然气管道特有的技术难题探讨，初步给出相应的解决方案构想，希望能够为冻土区天然气管道建设提供新的思路。

关键词: 输气管道, 多年冻土, 冷却输送工艺, 管土水力热力耦合, 基于应变的管道设计

Oil and gas pipelines in permafrost regions differ greatly from those in temperate climate zones. People only know that these pipelines were constructed in remote areas with fragile environments. However, gas pipeline engineering, construction, operation and management will face a series of unique problems because of unforgiving environment, special hydrogeology, engineering geology, and freezing and thawing disasters. Being different from the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, Roman Wells Oil Pipeline, China-Russia Crude Oil Pipeline from Mo’he to Daqing and Golmud-Lhasa Oil Products Pipeline, natural gas pipelines in permafrost regions face new problems and challenges in many areas including different transporting media, gas flow temperature control and environmental protection. This paper systematically reviewed issues such as chilled transporting processes, coupled hydrothermal-hydraulic-mechanical modeling of the pipe-soil system, temperature overrun in station outage scenarios, engineering constraints of stress-based design, single laying method and low reliability of monitoring system during operating stage. Initial framework solutions were proposed in the hope of identifying new approaches for gas pipeline in northern and upland permafrost regions.

Key words: Natural gas pipeline, Permafrost, Chilled transporting processes, Coupled thermal-hydraulic-mechanical modeling, Strain-based design for gas pipelines.

中图分类号: 

图1 某极地天然气管道的沿线压力和温度曲线图（冬季工况）
红色曲线代表压力，蓝色曲线代表温度
Fig.1 Pesssure and temperature graph of one arctic gas pipeline(winter scenario)
Red line stands for pressure and blue line stands for temperature
图2 某极地天然气管道的沿线压力和温度曲线图（夏季工况）
红色曲线代表压力，蓝色曲线代表温度
Fig.2 Pesssure and temperature graph of one arctic gas pipeline(summer scenario)
Red line stands for pressure and blue line stands for temperature
图3 管道运行温度控制线
Fig.3 Pipeline operating temperature control line
图4 带冷却功能单机组压气站工艺流程图
Fig.4 Process flow diagram of single-unit compressor station with coolers
表1 部分国家燃气相关标准中对硫化氢含量要求
Table 1 H 2S content requirement in relavent standards of some countries
序号 标准 H2S指标控制
1 欧洲标准EN 16726-2016《燃气基础设施气体质量H组》 5 mg/m3
2

德国燃气和水工业协会标准

DVGW G 260-2013《气体质量》

 5 mg/m3
3 美国燃气协会标准AGA 4A-2009《天然气合同计量和质量条款》 5.7~23 mg/m3
4 俄罗斯国家标准GOST 5524-2014《工业和公共生活用可燃天然气》 20 mg/m3
5 美国AGA 4A报告 5.72~22.88 mg/m3
6 加拿大标准BNQ 3672-100:2012

≤7 mg/m3（分配）

≤23 mg/m3（输送）
7 中国GB17820-2018《天然气》 6 mg/m3
表2 技术方案对比表
Table 2 Comparison table of technical scheme
技术方案 缺点 优点

技术方案1：

提高失效压气站上游压气站出站温度

 过分提高压气站的出口温度，很容易引起冻土融化和管道融沉 不增加投资

技术方案2：

在可能超低温管段选用高性能管材

 增加投资 保证管道继续在高输量下运行

技术方案3：

降低管道输量

1.需精确计算某压气站失效后管道的最高允许输量，计算结果受季节、失效压气站位置等因素影响，逻辑控制不好实现

2.降低管道全年输量

3.由于输量降低，其他压气站运行低负荷，当低负荷超限，引发其他压气站失效

4.离心压缩机由于进气量降低，容易引发喘振，需要采取站内打回流操作，造成能量浪费

5.燃驱压缩机在低负荷运行，污染物排放容易超标

 不增加投资

技术方案4:

增设加热站，当某压气站失效停机，加热站投用

 增加投资 保证管道继续在高输量下运行
表3 涉及基于应变设计方法的管道规范或导则
Table 3 Code or guidance for strain-based design of pipeline
序号 国家 规范名称
1 中国 《西气东输二线管道工程强震区和活动断层区段埋地管道基于应变设计导则》
2 加拿大 CSA Z662
3 挪威 DNV-OS-F101
4 美国 《埋地管道设计指南》、ASM E B31.8、API 1111和ABS 2001
5 中国 SY/T 7403-2018《油气输送管道应变设计规范》
表4 涉及基于应变设计方法的管道工程
Table 4 Pipeline project application on strain-based design
序号 管线名称 使用条件
1 西气东输二线 活动断层、强震区
2 BP-Northstar管线 阿拉斯加极地浅海
3 Statoil-Haltenpipe管线 针对悬空及不稳定海床
4 Connoco Philips- Ekofisk II管线 海底管线极限状态设计
5 BP-Alaska管线 极地浅海管线
6 Shell-Malampaya管线 地震及不稳定海床管线极限状态设计
7 ExxonMobil-Sakhalin Island管线 地震区管线
8 Enbridge-Norman Wells管线 多年冻土区
9 BP-Badami管线 阿拉斯加极地地区
10 阿尔博特-Nova 输气管线 不连续冻土区
11 TAPS输气管线 多年冻土区
表5 多年冻土区天然气管道敷设方案优缺点对比
Table 5 The advantages and disadvantages of laying methods of gas pipeline in permafrost
序号 敷设方案 优点 缺点 国内外应用
1 架空敷设

1.便于检修，降低事故机率，当事故出现后消除事故费时较少

2.管道与冻土地质关系不大，管道对冻土热影响极小，能有效保护冻土环境，规避各种冻害影响

3.不会妨碍天然气地表径流，高支墩管道不妨碍野生动物迁徙

1.易受第三方破坏，外冲击作用下比较脆弱，林区失火风险高

2.造价高，桩基易受冻拔作用，若配上热桩，建设费用更高

 阿拉斯加管道近57%的管段
2 地面敷设

1.对冻土热影响较小

2.线路无需进行大开挖，无须铺设锚固设施

1.易受第三方破坏

2.改变地表径流，易受冲刷，对地表生态影响大

3.对多年冻土有附加间接热力作用

4.妨碍野生动物迁徙

1.俄罗斯管道

2.阿拉斯加管道穿越断层处管段
3 直接埋设+保温

1.防止森林失火，对生态破坏最小，方便荒野动物迁移，不会造成地表水径流的障碍

2.施工方便

3.总体费用低

1.事故发现和排除比较复杂

2.线路在冬季开挖困难，土方挖掘工程量大

3.事故出现机率与热作用关系很大，管道的热作用对地质环境有影响，难以准确预测

4.对管材的应力应变水平要求高

1.阿拉斯加管道近一半管段

2.俄罗斯远东管道（靠近中国的部分高含冰沼泽、洼地段）

3.中俄原油管道Ⅰ线和Ⅱ线
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