河流筑坝对生源物质循环的改变研究进展
  <sup>*</sup>

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2018.12.1237

地球科学进展 ›› 2018, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (12): 1237 -1247. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2018.12.1237

河流筑坝对生源物质循环的改变研究进展 ^*

邓浩俊 ¹(

), 陶贞 ^1, ^*(

), 高全洲 ^1, ², 姚玲 ¹, 冯雍 ¹, 李银花 ¹

1.中山大学地理科学与规划学院,广东省城市化与地理环境空间模拟重点实验室,广东广州 510275
2.广东省地质过程与矿产资源探查重点实验室,广东广州 510275

收稿日期:2018-09-03 出版日期:2018-12-10
通讯作者: 陶贞 E-mail:junnyinfujian@163.com;taozhen@mail.sysu.edu.cn
基金资助:
*国家自然科学基金项目“雅砻江下游梯级筑坝对河流生源物质性质和输出的改变机制研究”(编号:41771216)和“湿热流域源区坡面径流及壤中流驱动的碳的生物地球化学循环”(编号:41871014)资助.

Research Advance of Changing Biogenic Substance Cycling in River Systems by Damming ^*

Haojun Deng ¹( ), Zhen Tao ^1, ^*( ), Quanzhou Gao ^1, ², Ling Yao ¹, Yong Feng ¹, Yinhua Li ¹

1.Geography and Planning School of Sun Yat-Sen University,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geosimulation,Guangzhou 510275,China
2.Key Laboratory of Mineral Resource & Geological Processes of Guangdong Province,Guangzhou 510275,China;

Received:2018-09-03 Online:2018-12-10 Published:2019-01-18
Contact: Zhen Tao E-mail:junnyinfujian@163.com;taozhen@mail.sysu.edu.cn
About author:
First author:Deng Haojun(1990-),male,Guangzhou City,Guangdong Province,Ph.D student. Research areas include riverine carbon cycle and global change. E-mail:junnyinfujian@163.com
Supported by:
Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China "Study of the altering riverine biogenic matter transformation and its export fluxes with cascade damming in the lower reach of the Yalongjiang River"(No.41771216) and "Biogeochemical cycling of carbon driven by slope runoff and subsurface flow in the headwater catchments of the humid subtropical basins"(No.41871014).

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河流筑坝将异养的自然河流转变成自养的“蓄水河流”(下称水库),使得河流生源物质循环过程和输向海洋的物质性质及其通量发生变化。由于生源要素碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)、硅(Si)在生物过程中的行为不同,导致水库中生源要素有机碳(OC)、P和Si的循环效率不同,依次是Si>OC>P;而全球尺度上水库对生源要素的滞留效率表现为N>C>P>Si。水库的沉积埋藏作用构成河流OC的净汇。元素生态化学计量特征与稳定同位素组成联合使用可有效示踪生源物质在水库中的迁移转化过程。随着人类对清洁能源需求的增加,河流水库群建设强度将会增大,梯级筑坝下流域系统生源物质动力学的变化规律及其生态环境累积效应等科学问题应引起生物地球化学循环研究领域的关注。

关键词: 生源要素, 滞留效应, 化学计量特征, 浮游植物, 筑坝

River damming transforms allotropic natural rivers into autotrophic 'impound river' (referred to "reservoir"), which changes the processes of river biogenic substance cycle and the matter properties as well as export flux from land to ocean, thus becoming one of the key problems of element biogeochemical cycle. Due to the different behavior of biogenic substances (C, N, P, Si) in biological processes, biogenic substances cycle efficiency is different, in turns, Silicon (Si)>Organic Carbon (OC)>Phosphorus (P). The migration and transformation processes of C and Si are significantly affected by phytoplankton and water retention time. Nitrogen (N) and P are mainly affected by water pH, temperature, Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and retention time. The retention efficiency of biogenic substances is shown as N>C>P>Si at the global scale. Besides, the sedimentation and burial processes of reservoirs constitute the net sink of OC in rivers. River damming alters the stoichiometric characteristics of water elements, nutrient constraints, aquatic communities composition and the coupling effect of C/N/P/Si. The stable isotopic compositions of C, N and Si can effectively trace the source, migration and transformation of biogenic matter. A combination of elements stoichiometric characteristics and stable isotopic composition could effectively indicate the change of source materials in reservoirs. With the increasing demand for clean energy, the intensity of river damming and reservoir construction will increase. Thus, a series of scientific problems including changing law of biogenic substance migration and transformation dynamic, as well as accumulation effect of ecological environment in watershed systems by river cascade damming, should need to be concerned in the biogeochemistry cycle study.

Key words: Biogenic substance, Retention efficiency, Stoichiometric characteristics, Phytoplankton, Damming.

中图分类号:

P592

表1 水库生源要素的主要存在形式

Table 1 The main forms of biogenic elements in reservoirs

元素	存在形式	参考文献
C	POC,PIC,DOC,DIC	[10]
N	PON,DON,DIN(NO_x-N和NH₄-N)	[11]
P	TDP,POP,EP,UPP	[12]
Si	DSi,PSi,SSi,BSi	[13]

表1 水库生源要素的主要存在形式

Table 1 The main forms of biogenic elements in reservoirs

元素	存在形式	参考文献
C	POC,PIC,DOC,DIC	[10]
N	PON,DON,DIN(NO_x-N和NH₄-N)	[11]
P	TDP,POP,EP,UPP	[12]
Si	DSi,PSi,SSi,BSi	[13]

图1 水库生源要素循环过程
宽箭头为入库、出库通量,虚线方框内为水库内各要素循环过程,图中数值单位均为Tg/a;(a)据参考文献[ 14 ]修改,(b)据参考文献[11,17]修改,(c)据参考文献[ 12 ]修改,(d) 据参考文献[ 13 ]修改

Fig.1 Biogenic elements cyclic processes in reservoirs
The wide arrow refers to influx and outflux, and the dotted box is element cyclic process, all fluxes are given in units of Tg/a; (a) modified after reference[14], (b) modified after references[11,17], (c) modified after reference[12], (d) modified after reference[13]

图2 全球水库生源要素滞留率和滞留量 ^{[

12
,

13
,

16
,

22
]}

Fig.2 Biogenic element retention efficiency in global scale reservoir ^{[

12
,

13
,

16
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22
]}

图3 单个水库的滞留效率
虚线为平均滞留率;N数据来源于参考文献[ 25 , 34 ];P数据来源于参考文献[ 25 , 27 , 31 , 32 , 34 , 40 ];Si数据来源于参考文献[ 25 , 30 , 31 , 41 , 46 ]

Fig.3 Retention efficiency of regional reservoir
Dotted line isaverage retention rate;N data from references[ 25 , 34 ];P data from references[ 25 , 27 , 31 , 32 , 34 , 40 ];Si data from references[ 25 , 30 , 31 , 41 , 46 ]

图4 不同元素滞留量的差异 ^{[

27
,

29
,

30
,

32
,

42
,

46
]}

Fig.4 The difference of elements retention efficiency ^{[

27
,

29
,

30
,

32
,

42
,

46
]}

表2 C,N和Si稳定同位素组成表达式

Table 2 C, N and Si stable isotopic composition equation

同位素组成	表达式	参考文献
δ¹³C_DIC	δ¹³C= $R sample - R PDB R PDB$ ×1 000 式中:R_sample为样品¹³C/¹²C,R_PDB参考标准为大气CO₂	[31]
δ¹⁵N	δ¹⁵N= $R sample - R standard R standard$ ×1 000 式中:R_sample为样品¹⁵N/¹⁴N,R_standard参考标准为大气N₂	[63]
δ³⁰Si	δ³⁰Si= $R sample - R NBS - 28 R NBS - 28$ ×1 000 式中:R_sample为样品³⁰Si/²⁸Si,R_NBS-28为NBS-28标准	[4]

表2 C,N和Si稳定同位素组成表达式

Table 2 C, N and Si stable isotopic composition equation

同位素组成	表达式	参考文献
δ¹³C_DIC	δ¹³C= $R sample - R PDB R PDB$ ×1 000 式中:R_sample为样品¹³C/¹²C,R_PDB参考标准为大气CO₂	[31]
δ¹⁵N	δ¹⁵N= $R sample - R standard R standard$ ×1 000 式中:R_sample为样品¹⁵N/¹⁴N,R_standard参考标准为大气N₂	[63]
δ³⁰Si	δ³⁰Si= $R sample - R NBS - 28 R NBS - 28$ ×1 000 式中:R_sample为样品³⁰Si/²⁸Si,R_NBS-28为NBS-28标准	[4]

图5 水库入库、库区和下泄水的δ ¹³C _DIC值(数据源于参考文献[ 31 , 64 , 65 ] )
不同的小写字母指示数据之间存在显著的差异( p<0.05)

Fig.5 The δ ¹³C _DIC value of influx,outflux and in reservoir(data from references[ 31 , 64 , 65 ])
Different small letters indicate statistically significant differences( p<0.05)

图6 湖泊、河流和地下水的δ ³⁰Si值分布 ^{[

4
,

7
,

68
,

71
]}

Fig.6 The distribution of δ ³⁰Si value in lake, river and groundwater ^{[

4
,

7
,

68
,

71
]}

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Research Advance of Changing Biogenic Substance Cycling in River Systems by Damming *

Research Advance of Changing Biogenic Substance Cycling in River Systems by Damming ^*