智能手机参与大气探测的研究进展与展望
  <sup>*</sup>

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2018.12.1223.

随着智能手机及嵌入式传感器的发展和普及,出现了公众利用智能手机探测大气环境参数的非专业探测手段,无需额外专用仪器,具有硬件成本低、时空分辨率高、时空覆盖广等优点,成为专业大气探测的有效补充。在气象业务、科研和公众服务等领域具有广阔的应用前景。目前我国在非专业大气探测方面的研究较少,为了充分发挥这一非专业探测手段的效能,在分析现有智能手机及嵌入式传感器技术现状的基础上,重点介绍了智能手机应用于降水、气温、气压、气溶胶和辐射等参数测量的技术现状,提出应该从加强机理研究、挖掘可用信源、数据质量控制、大数据处理技术以及与业务、科研、服务的匹配衔接等方面开展研究,推动智能手机参与大气探测的研究与应用。

关键词: 智能手机, 嵌入式传感器, 参与感知, 大气探测

With the development and popularization of smartphones and embedded sensors, a non-professional atmospheric measurement method by using smartphones carried by the public has been proposed recently. Without extra dedicated instrument, this method has many advantages, such as low hardware cost, high spatio-temporal resolution, and wide coverage, and it can supplement the professional atmospheric measurement methods, which has broad applications in the meteorological operation, scientific research, public service, and other fields. At present, the research on the non-professional atmospheric measurement in China is limited. In order to make full use of this method, this paper briefly outlined the states of existing smartphones and embedded sensors, highlighted the measurement of precipitation, air temperature, pressure, aerosols, and radiation by smartphones. To promote the development of smartphones for atmospheric measurement, future research should focus on mechanism study, available sources exploration, data quality control, big data processing, joining and matching with operation, research and service, etc.

Key words: Smartphone, Embedded sensors, Participatory sensing, Atmospheric measurement.

中图分类号:

P412.4

图1 公众、互联网、智能终端及传感器联合的公众参与大气探测新方式 ^{[

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Fig.1 A new atmospheric measurement method by public, internet, intelligent terminal and sensor ^{[

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表1 公众参与大气探测的分类、方法和典型案例 ^{[

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Table 1 Classification, methods, and typical cases of public participation in atmospheric measurement ^{[

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分类	基本方法	测量内容	典型案例
公众科学家	志愿者和业余爱好者等社会公众利用目测或辅助仪器开展观测,并在线提交结果	冰雹降水	Community Collaborative Rain, Hail and Snow Network(CoCoRaHS) (http:∥www.cocorahs.org/) meteorological Phenomenon Identification Near the Ground (mPING) (http:∥www.nssl.noaa.gov/projects/ping/)
社交媒体	用户利用Twitter、微信、微博等社交媒体上传大气相关的照片,通过大数据分析后得到天气状况,还可用于危险天气预警	降雪暴风雨	UK snow map (http:∥uksnowmap.com/) Twitcident (http:∥twitcident.com/) SnowTweets project (http:∥snowcore.uwaterloo.ca/snowtweets/index.html)
非专业仪器	利用非专业的气象传感器、单要素或多要素业余气象站等仪器自动获取大气要素	温湿度降水谱 NO₂/CO	Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environment (GLOBE) (www.globe.gov) NOAA Citizen Weather Observer Program (CWOP) (http:∥wxqa.com/) Air Quality Egg (http:∥airqualityegg.com)
智能终端	基于智能手机采集嵌入传感器数据,通过建立模型反演得到相关的气象要素	温湿度气溶胶气压降水	Weather Signal (http:∥weathersignal.com/) OpenSignal (http:∥www.opensignal.com) iSPEX aerosol measuring sensor (www.ispex.nl) PressureNet (http:∥pressurenet.cumulonimbus.ca/) 蜂窝通信网信号测量降水

表1 公众参与大气探测的分类、方法和典型案例 ^{[

1
]}

Table 1 Classification, methods, and typical cases of public participation in atmospheric measurement ^{[

1
]}

分类	基本方法	测量内容	典型案例
公众科学家	志愿者和业余爱好者等社会公众利用目测或辅助仪器开展观测,并在线提交结果	冰雹降水	Community Collaborative Rain, Hail and Snow Network(CoCoRaHS) (http:∥www.cocorahs.org/) meteorological Phenomenon Identification Near the Ground (mPING) (http:∥www.nssl.noaa.gov/projects/ping/)
社交媒体	用户利用Twitter、微信、微博等社交媒体上传大气相关的照片,通过大数据分析后得到天气状况,还可用于危险天气预警	降雪暴风雨	UK snow map (http:∥uksnowmap.com/) Twitcident (http:∥twitcident.com/) SnowTweets project (http:∥snowcore.uwaterloo.ca/snowtweets/index.html)
非专业仪器	利用非专业的气象传感器、单要素或多要素业余气象站等仪器自动获取大气要素	温湿度降水谱 NO₂/CO	Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environment (GLOBE) (www.globe.gov) NOAA Citizen Weather Observer Program (CWOP) (http:∥wxqa.com/) Air Quality Egg (http:∥airqualityegg.com)
智能终端	基于智能手机采集嵌入传感器数据,通过建立模型反演得到相关的气象要素	温湿度气溶胶气压降水	Weather Signal (http:∥weathersignal.com/) OpenSignal (http:∥www.opensignal.com) iSPEX aerosol measuring sensor (www.ispex.nl) PressureNet (http:∥pressurenet.cumulonimbus.ca/) 蜂窝通信网信号测量降水

图2 CoCoRaHS应用的雨量计和冰雹板

Fig.2 Rain gauge and hail pad utilized by CoCoRaHS

图3 mPING APP界面

Fig.3 Interface of mPING APP

图4 香港CWOS计划

Fig.4 CWOS project of Hongkong

图5 荷兰的微波链路网络及反演结果

Fig.5 Microwave links network and inversed rainrate distribution in Netherland

图6 Zamora开展的手机信号测量实验

Fig.6 Cellphone signal measurement by Zamora

图7 智能手机电池的热量传输模型

Fig.7 Heat transfer model of smartphone battery

图8 利用智能手机电池温度反演的日平均气温(上)和小时平均气温(下)(巴西圣保罗地区)

Fig.8 Average daily air temperature (above) and hourly air temperature (below) inversed by battery temperature of smartphone in S?o Paulo, Brazil

图9 微型气溶胶采样过滤器与采样样本

Fig.9 Micro aerosol sampling filter and samples

图10 iSPEX及其反演的气溶胶光学厚度

Fig.10 iSPEX and inversed aerosol optical thickness

图11 Igoe等利用智能手机装配滤光片与实验场景

Fig.11 Smartphone assembled with filters and experimental scene by Igoe

图12 太阳图像及其反演的气溶胶光学厚度

Fig.12 Solar images and inversed aerosol optical thickness

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Advances and Trends in Atmospheric Measurement by Smartphones *

Advances and Trends in Atmospheric Measurement by Smartphones ^*