致密砂岩储层裂缝研究进展

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2015.07.0737

裂缝是影响致密砂岩储层高产及稳产的关键。在对国内外该类储层裂缝研究现状系统调研及近期成果全面分析的基础上,深入分析了裂缝的类型及形成机理。分别从地质、测井、地震及实验等方面详细论述了致密砂岩储层裂缝的识别方法;基于野外露头、岩心及薄片观察、构造曲率、常规及特殊测井等方法可以获得储层裂缝密度、张开度、产状、组系及方向等主要特征参数;地质分析、构造曲率估算、纵波各向异性分析、地震相干体及倾角非连续性裂缝检测、构造应力场模拟等是裂缝分布预测的有效技术方法。综合分析认为,目前对国内海相和海陆过渡相煤系地层中的致密砂岩储层裂缝研究相对较少;尚未形成一套针对各类型沉积相及构造演化背景条件下的致密砂岩储层裂缝识别的有效方法及标准参数体系;对致密储层裂缝差异充填机制及微裂缝定量识别与表征缺少系统研究;地震裂缝识别的精度不高。指出各类裂缝研究方法相互结合、裂缝识别标准与参数体系建立、微裂缝研究、裂缝发育程度与主控因素间定量关系分析、提高地震预测裂缝的分辨率、水力缝与天然裂缝及地应力之间的耦合关系研究为致密砂岩储层裂缝研究的未来发展趋势。

关键词: 致密砂岩, 储层, 裂缝, 测井, 地震

Fracture is the key factor of getting the high and stable yield in the tight sandstone reservoir. Based on the systematic research and the recent study result of domestic and foreign tight sandstone gas reservoir fractures, the fracture types and its formation mechanisms are comprehensively described. The identification methods of fractures in tight sandstone reservoirs were in detail described in the aspects of geology, logging, seismic and experimental data. Through methods of the observation of field outcrops, cores and thin sections, as well as the structure curvature, the conventional and special logging, the fracture parameters of reservoir fracture densities, opening angles, occurrences, systems and orientations can be obtained. Fracture distribution forecasting methods mainly include geological analysis, analysis of tectonic curvature, p-wave anisotropy analysis, seismic coherence analysis, inclination discontinuity fracture detection technology and tectonic stress field simulation technology, etc. At present, the study of fractures in tight sandstone reservoirs of marine facies and transitional facies (within the coal-bearing formations) under the complex tectonic evolution background is relatively little in China, the differences of fractures’ filling mechanism and micro-fractures quantitative identification is lack of systematic research, the precision of seismic identification of fractures remains to be further improved, and effective fracture identification methods and standard parameter systems in tight sandstone reservoirs for various types of sedimentary facies and tectonic evolution backgrounds have not yet formed. It is pointed out that the future development trend of the research will mainly focus on the following: combination of all kinds of research methods of fractures, establishment of fracture identification standards and parameters systems, analysis of microfractures, description of fracture development degree and quantitative relationships among main controlling factors, improvement of the fractures resolution by seismic prediction, and study on the coupling relationship among the hydraulic fractures, natural fractures and ground stress.

Key words: Tight sandstone, Reservoir, Fractures, Logging, Seismic.

中图分类号:

P631

图1 辽中1号断裂中段金县构造断裂交汇应力集中区方差切片(1 000 ms) ^{[

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]}

Fig.1 Liaozhong 1th middle Jinxian tectonic fault stress concentration area cariance slice(1 000 ms) ^{[

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]}

图2 地应力类型与断层性质示意图 ^[34] σz为垂向主应力; σx和 σy为水平方向主应力

Fig.2 In-situ stress classification and fault occurrence schematic ^{[

34
]} σz is the vertical principal stress; σx and σy are the horizontal principal stress

图3 沙特鲁卜哈里盆地Unayzah组致密砂岩露头风化裂缝特征 ^{[

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]}

Fig.3 Weathering fracture characteristics of Unayzah group tight sandstone outcrop in Chateauroux harry basin ^{[

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]}

图4 不同裂缝开度条件下裂缝密度参数分布特征图 ^{[

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Fig4 Fracture density parameter distribution diagram under the condition of different fracture width ^{[

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图5 塔里木克深气田致密砂岩储层岩心构造裂缝CT扫描 ^{[

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]}(KS201井,6 512.6 m)

Fig5 CT scan of core structural fracture of Tarim grams deep tight gas sandstone reservoir ^{[

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]}(KS201 well,6 512.6 m)

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Progress in Tight Sandstone Reservoir Fractures Research