粘性泥石流的平均运动速度研究

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2008.05.0524

粘性泥石流是泥石流类型中最常见也是危害最大的类型，泥石流的运动速度是泥石流的动力学参数中最重要的参数，因此准确而简洁地计算粘性泥石流的运动速度就显得非常重要。不同的泥石流地区的泥石流阻力有很大的不同:有的地区阻力较大，属于高阻力地区，泥石流运动速度较低；有的地区阻力较小，属于低阻力地区，泥石流运动速度较高。目前的粘性泥石流平均速度公式还不能兼顾计算所有地区的不同阻力类型的泥石流速度。泥石流的不均匀系数在不同的泥石流地区有很大的不同：不均匀系数小的地区阻力大，而不均匀系数大的地区阻力小，因此可以用不均匀系数划分泥石流沟的阻力特征，从而得到能兼顾所有不同地区的泥石流阻力规律。由一系列野外观测资料得到的由泥石流不均匀系数、泥石流运动底部纵比降和水力半径计算的粘性泥石流运动平均速度经验公式，能适应各种类型的泥石流沟，与其它系列的观测资料对比有很好的一致性，与粘性泥流的观测资料对比也很接近。由流体流动的福劳德数可以确定流动的缓急程度。一般的粘性泥石流都是急流，少数是缓流，极少数是运动速度非常缓慢的容重过大的粘性泥石流。粘性泥石流运动平均速度经验公式用于一般急流的粘性泥石流的速度计算结果很好，但不适用于容重过大的缓慢流动，对于缓流粘性泥石流速度计算偏大。在对泥石流的评估和治理中，平均速度公式可以用于泥石流堆积扇上游渠道中的粘性泥石流速度计算，对泥石流堆积扇上的粘性泥石流速度计算偏大，不适用于缓慢流动粘性泥石流，但在对泥石流的危害评估和治理中可以忽略缓慢流动的发生。

关键词: 泥石流, 平均速度, 粘性, 不均匀系数

Viscous debris flows is the most regular and dangerous debris flows. The velocity of debris flow is the most important parameter in the dynamics parameter of debris flow. It is very important to calculate the velocity of viscous debris flow exactly and easily. The resistance of debris flow is quite different at different area: high resistance of debris flow area with low velocity; low resistance of debris flow area with high velocity. All equations of velocity of viscous debris flow at present are not good at all kinds of resistance area. The asymmetric coefficients of debris flows are quite different in different area: large asymmetric coefficients of debris flow with low resistance; small asymmetric coefficients of debris flow with high resistance. The asymmetric coefficients of debris flow could be used to classify resistance characteristics of debris flow accurately and the resistance law of viscous debris flows was got by asymmetric coefficients. By a series field observation data, an empirical equation of mean velocity of viscous debris flow was got. The velocity calculated by the asymmetric coefficients, bottom slope and hydraulic radius of flow. It is good at both high resistance and low resistance area of debris flows. It is good consistent for the measuring velocity of otherwise field observation data of debris flow and viscous mudflow by this empirical equation. The Froude number of flow is the factor of flow status: supercritical flow or subcritical flow. Ordinary viscous debris flows are supercritical flows, minorities are subcritical flows, and few are slow-motion debris flows which have too large density. The empirical equation is excellent at ordinary supercritical viscous debris flow, but it is bad for the slow-motion flow with large density of debris flow, and it is gentle large for the subcritical viscous debris flow. In the evaluation and prevention of debris flows, the mean velocity equation could be used for the velocity calculated of viscous debris flow in the channel at the upstream of the debris flow fans. At the same time, it is gentle large for the calculating the velocity of viscous debris flow on the debris flow fans. It is bad for the slow-motion debris flow, but the slow-motion could be ignored in the evaluation and prevention of debris flows.

Key words: Debris flows, Mean velocity, Viscous, Asymmetric coefficient.

中图分类号:

P642.23

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摘要

Study on the Mean Velocity of Viscous Debris Flows