地球科学进展

地球科学进展 ›› 2018, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (8): 842 -851. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2018.08.0842

研究论文 上一篇    下一篇

急陡沟道物源起动模式及水土耦合破坏机制分析
龚凌枫( ), 唐川 *( ), 李宁, 陈明, 杨成长, 蔡英桦   
  1. 成都理工大学 地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室,四川 成都 610059
  • 收稿日期:2018-04-24 修回日期:2018-07-10 出版日期:2018-08-10
  • 通讯作者: 唐川 E-mail:308488910@qq.com;tangc@cdut.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目“急陡沟道泥石流起动—侵蚀—冲出模型研究”(编号:41672299);国家重点研发计划项目“强震区地质灾害动态演化机制与长期效应”(编号:2017YFC1501004)资助.

Source Inition Pattern and Coupling Mechanism of Granular Deposit and Seepage in Steep Longitudinal Gully,Wenchuan

Lingfeng Gong( ), Chuan Tang *( ), Ning Li, Ming Chen, Chengzhang Yang, Yinghua Cai   

  1. State Key Laboratory for Geo-Hazard Prevention and Geo-Environment Protection,Chengdu University of Technology,Chengdu 610059,China
  • Received:2018-04-24 Revised:2018-07-10 Online:2018-08-10 Published:2018-09-14
  • Contact: Chuan Tang E-mail:308488910@qq.com;tangc@cdut.edu.cn
  • About author:

    First author:Gong Lingfeng(1989-), male, Guangshui County, Hubei Province, Ph.D student. Research areas include geological hazard assessment and prediction. E-mail:308488910@qq.com

  • Supported by:
    Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China “Research of initiation, entrainment, and runout models of steep-channel debris flows” (No.41672299);The National Key Research and Development Program of China “The study on the disaster-causing mechanism and long-term effects of the heavy geological disasters in the strong earthquake mountainous zone” (No.2017YFC1501004).
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急陡沟道泥石流物源主要来源是崩塌、滑坡堆积体,堆积体的起动是急陡沟道泥石流冲出量巨大的主要原因。堆积体的物质组成、赋存特征及渗透、径流状态是造成其起动模式不同的本质原因,而较大的纵坡降为其起动提供了良好的地形条件。根据汇水条件及渗透特性设计了2组模型箱试验,模拟坡体内不产生稳定渗透及有稳定渗透条件下的破坏模式。实验表明急陡沟道泥石流起动有“消防管效应”和“坡体流态化”2种基本的模式,前者出现在不饱和或高渗透系数坡体,后者出现在具有一定细颗粒物质的土体中。其中消防管效应仅沿径流路径形成深而窄的侵蚀沟道,且搬运距离与水动力的持续性有关,固体物质搬运作用弱;坡体流态化主要特征为初期的缓慢渗透破坏及后期瞬时流动剪切破坏,侵蚀形成较宽的沟道,且侵蚀量相对较大。

关键词: 急陡沟道, 泥石流, 起动模式, 水土耦合机制

Generally, collapse and landslide are the main sources of granular deposits while the initiation of deposits is triggered by the tremendous runoff from steep longitudinal gully. Substance composition, topographic condition and catchment characteristics directly affect the models of deposits initiation, and larger longitudinal grade provides better topographic condition for the initiation. Several sets of experiments on model casing were designed to simulate the failure mode of slopes under the states of stable and unstable seepages according to catchment and penetration characteristics. It was revealed from the experiments that the initiation of granular deposits had two fundamental modes, that is, fire hose effect and static liquefaction. The former one generally happens at the unsaturated slope or the slope of high permeability while the latter case occurs at the soils containing fine particles. It was concluded that the fire hose effect could generate the deep and narrow eroded channel along with the runoff, the movement distance was related to the continuous hydrodynamic force, and the transporting capacity of solid substances was weak. In addition, slope fluidization was featured with slow seepage failure at the early stage, instantaneous shear failure at the late stage, and wider channel came out due to serious erosion.

Key words: Steep longitudinal gully, Debris flows, Initiation model, Coupling mechanism.

中图分类号: 

图1 高家沟泥石流流域图
Fig.1 Watershed map of Gaojia gully
图1 高家沟泥石流流域图
Fig.1 Watershed map of Gaojia gully
图2 高家沟7·3泥石流后堵塞点液化破坏
(a)典型堵塞点(A-A’)剖面图;(b)南天门支沟出口处堵塞体(B-B’)起动后深切沟槽
Fig.2 Liquefaction destruction in Gaojia gully(July 3,2011)
(a)Profile of typical accumulation, A-A’;(b)Barrier failure of profile B-B’
图2 高家沟7·3泥石流后堵塞点液化破坏
(a)典型堵塞点(A-A’)剖面图;(b)南天门支沟出口处堵塞体(B-B’)起动后深切沟槽
Fig.2 Liquefaction destruction in Gaojia gully(July 3,2011)
(a)Profile of typical accumulation, A-A’;(b)Barrier failure of profile B-B’
图3 实验系统示意图
Fig.3 Experimental system diagram
图3 实验系统示意图
Fig.3 Experimental system diagram
表1 支沟及主沟上游沟段特征参数
Table 1 Channel characteristic parameters of main gully and tributary gullies
名称 沟长
/km		 平均纵坡
/‰		 流域面积
/km2		 沟谷形态
主沟上游段 1.88 799 1.77 V型谷
1#支沟 0.69 1 011 0.13 V型谷
2#支沟 0.56 1 051 0.03 V型谷
表1 支沟及主沟上游沟段特征参数
Table 1 Channel characteristic parameters of main gully and tributary gullies
名称 沟长
/km		 平均纵坡
/‰		 流域面积
/km2		 沟谷形态
主沟上游段 1.88 799 1.77 V型谷
1#支沟 0.69 1 011 0.13 V型谷
2#支沟 0.56 1 051 0.03 V型谷
表2 堆积体原型及模型参数对照表
Table 2 Physical and mechanics parameters of barrier dam prototype and experimental models
性质
编号		 密度/(kg/m3) 含水率(ω0)/% 渗透系数(K) /(m/s)
原型 模型 原型 模型 原型 模型
模型一 1.69×103 1.55×103 6.36 6.36 1.2×10-3 1.8×10-3
模型二 1.69×103 1.55×103 6.36 6.36 1.2×10-3 1.8×10-3
表2 堆积体原型及模型参数对照表
Table 2 Physical and mechanics parameters of barrier dam prototype and experimental models
性质
编号		 密度/(kg/m3) 含水率(ω0)/% 渗透系数(K) /(m/s)
原型 模型 原型 模型 原型 模型
模型一 1.69×103 1.55×103 6.36 6.36 1.2×10-3 1.8×10-3
模型二 1.69×103 1.55×103 6.36 6.36 1.2×10-3 1.8×10-3
图4 模型一坡表变形图
Fig.4 Slope deformation of experimental modelⅠ
图4 模型一坡表变形图
Fig.4 Slope deformation of experimental modelⅠ
图5 模型二坡表变形图
Fig.5 Slope deformation of experimental modelⅡ
图5 模型二坡表变形图
Fig.5 Slope deformation of experimental modelⅡ
图6 模型一降雨时间序列及孔隙水压力曲线
Fig.6 Curve of rainfall time versus pore water pressure in experimental model Ⅰ
图6 模型一降雨时间序列及孔隙水压力曲线
Fig.6 Curve of rainfall time versus pore water pressure in experimental model Ⅰ
图7 模型二降雨时间序列及孔隙水压力曲线
Fig.7 Curve of rainfall time versus pore water pressure in experimental model Ⅱ
图7 模型二降雨时间序列及孔隙水压力曲线
Fig.7 Curve of rainfall time versus pore water pressure in experimental model Ⅱ
图8 坡体流态化破坏过程
(a) 局部液化;(b) 底部流态化;(c) 流态化扩大;(d) 自下而上流态化破坏
Fig.8 Failure process of slope liquefied experimental model Ⅱ
(a)Partial liquefaction; (b)Fluidization at the bottom; (c)Fluidization expansion; (d)Fluidization failure from bottom to top
图8 坡体流态化破坏过程
(a) 局部液化;(b) 底部流态化;(c) 流态化扩大;(d) 自下而上流态化破坏
Fig.8 Failure process of slope liquefied experimental model Ⅱ
(a)Partial liquefaction; (b)Fluidization at the bottom; (c)Fluidization expansion; (d)Fluidization failure from bottom to top
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