西南山区河流阶梯—深潭系统的生态学作用

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2006.04.0409

地球科学进展 ›› 2006, Vol. 21 ›› Issue (4): 409 -416. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2006.04.0409

西南山区河流阶梯—深潭系统的生态学作用

王兆印 ^1,2,程东升 ²,何易平 ¹,王洪铸 ³

1.清华大学水沙科学与水利水电工程国家重点实验室, 北京 100084; 2.国际泥沙研究与培训中心, 北京 100044; 3.中国科学院水生生物研究所,湖北武汉 430072

收稿日期:2005-09-05 修回日期:2006-02-17 出版日期:2006-04-15
通讯作者: 王兆印 E-mail:zywang@tsinghua.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家重点基础研究发展计划项目“流域生态与水利工程优化调控”（编号：CB415206）；国家自然科学基金和香港研究资助局联合资助项目“河流水沙环境生态综合管理研究——以东江为例”(编号：50318003)资助.

A Study of the Ecological Functions of Step-pool System in Southwest Mountain Streams

Wang ZhaoYin ^1,2,Cheng Dongsheng ²,He Yiping ¹,Wang Hongzhu ³

1.State key Laboratory of Hydro-Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084,China;2. International Research Training Center on Erosion and Sedimentation, Beijing 100044,China;3. Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072,China

Received:2005-09-05 Revised:2006-02-17 Online:2006-04-15 Published:2006-04-15

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山区河流发育的阶梯—深潭系统具有显著的生态学作用。阶梯—深潭系统增大水流阻力和河床抗冲刷力，稳定了河床和岸坡。大卵石堆积成阶梯，细颗粒泥沙在深潭河段的缓流滞流区沉积下来形成淤泥层，形成适宜多种生物的栖息地。选择小江支流——深沟、蒋家沟和小白泥沟，以及四川九寨沟和金沙江进行野外实验、取样分析。结果发现阶梯—深潭系统较发育的深沟和九寨沟底栖动物密度高达552个/m²，生物量高达5.96 g/m²。而邻近的小白泥沟和蒋家沟底栖动物密度仅0.75个/m²，生物量不到0.006 g/m²。考虑河流不同部位底质、水深、流速等特性，提出了生物栖息地多样性及其计算方法，研究发现大型无脊椎动物的生物多样性随栖息地多样性增加而增加。利用阶梯—深潭系统治理山区河流，既能保持河道稳定，又能维持较高的生物多样性，保持健康的河流生态系统。

关键词: 大型无脊椎动物, 生物多样性, 生物栖息地多样性, 阶梯—深潭系列, 河流生态

The development of step-pool system plays an important role in stream ecology. Step-pool system maximizes the flow resistance and protects the bed sediment from erosion. Thus the riverbed and bank slope are stabilized. Boulders, cobbles and gravel tightly interlock and form the steps having an inherent stability which only extreme floods are likely to disturb. Silt and clay deposit in the pools behind the steps. These steps and pools provide high diversity of habitats for stream bio-community. Field investigations are performed to the Xiaojiang River, Jinsha River and Jiuzhai Creek. Step-pool systems develop well in the Jiuzhai Creek and Shengou Ravine, which is a tributary of the Xiaojiang River. The density of benthic macro-invertebrate is 552/m² in the Jiuzhai Creek and 398/m² in the Shengou Ravine and the density of bio-mass of benthic macro-invertebrate is 4.75g/m²in the Jiuzhai Creek and 5.96 g/m²in the Shengou Ravine. As a comparison, the density of benthic macro-invertebrate is only 0.75/m² in the Jiangjia Ravine and 0 in the Xiaobaini Ravine, which are also the tributary of the Xiaojiang River, but no step-pool develops in the ravines. The density of bio-mass of benthic macro-invertebrate is only 0.006 g/m² in the Jiangjia Ravine and 0 g/m² in the Xiaobaini Ravine. This paper proposes the concept of habitat diversity and a calculation formula considering the spacious distribution of various substrates, velocity and water depth. The study reveals that the biodiversity of benthic macro-invertebrates increases with the habitat diversity in a logarithmic law. Artificial step-pool system can be used for training of mountain streams, which may stabilize the streambed and bank slope, restore healthy river ecology and high biodiversity, and better aesthetic landscape as well.

Key words: Step-pool system, River ecology, Benthic macro-invertebrate, Biodiversity, Habitat diversity.

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