［1］ Jones H G, Bertrand N. The transmission of soil gases through seasonal snow cover: An experiment to determine the diffusivity of snow in situ ［A］. In: Tranter M, Armstrong R, Brun, et al，eds. Interactions between the Cryosphere, Climate and Greenhouse Gases ［C］. Wallingford, UK: Iahs Press, 1999. 237-244.
［2］ Brown R D, Goodison B E. Interannual variability in reconstructed Canadian snow cover, 1915-1992［J］. Journal of Climate, 1996, 9:1 299-1 318.
［3］ Pomeroy J W, Marsh P, Gray D M. Application of a distributed blowing snow model to the Arctic［J］. Hydrological Processes, 1997, 11: 1 451-1 464.
［4］ Hughes M G, Robinson D A. Historical snow cover variability in the Great Plains regions of the USA: 1910 through to 1993［J］.International Journal of Climatology, 1996, 16: 1 005-1 018.
［5］ Groisman P Y, Easterling D R. Variability and trends of precipitation and snowfall over the United States and Canada［J］. Journal of Climate, 1994, 7: 184-205.
［6］ Li P. Seasonal snow resources and their fluctuation in China［A］. In: Goodison B E, Barry R G, Dozier Y，eds. Large-Scale Effects of Seasonal Snow Cover ［C］. Wallingford, UK: Iahs Press, 1987. 93-104.
［7］ Vose R S, Schmoyer R L, Steurer P M, et al. The Global Historical Climatology Network: Long-Term Monthly Temperature, Precipitation, Sea Level Pressure, and Station Pressure, and Station Pressure Data［M］. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US Deptment of Energy, Environmental Sciences Division Publication，No.3912，1992.
［8］ Walsh J E, Ross B. Sensitivity of 30-day dynamical forecasts to continental snow cover［J］. Journal of Climate, 1988, 1: 739-754.
［9］ Pokrovskaya T V, Spirina L P. Estimates of snowcover impact on spring air temperature over the European part of the USSR Trans［J］. Main Geophysical Observatory, 1965, 181: 110-113.
［10］ Barnett T P, Dumenil L, Schlese U, et al. The effect of Eurasian snow cover on regional and global climate variations［J］. Journal of Atmospheric Science, 1989, 46: 661-685.
［11］ Karl T R, Groisman P Y, Knight R W, et al. Recent variations of snow cover and snowfall in North America and their relation to precipitation and temperature variations［J］. Journal of Climate, 1993, 6: 1 327-1 344.
［12］ Georgievsky V Y, Ezhov A V, Shalygin A L, et al. Evaluation of possible climate change impact on hydrological regime and water resources of the former USSR rivers ［J］. Russian Meteorology & Hydrology, 1996,11: 89-99.
［13］ Peterson T C, Vose R S. An overview of the global historical climatology network temperature database［J］. Bulletin of Meteorology Society, 1997, 78: 2 837-2 849.
［14］ Manabe S. Climate and the ocean circulation： The atmospheric circulation and the hydrology of the Earth's surface［J］. Monthly Weather Review, 1969, 97: 739-774.
［15］ Yeh T C, Wetherald R T, Manabe S. A model study of the short-term climatic and hydrologic effects of sudden snowcover removal［J］. Monthly Weather Review, 1983, 111: 1 013-1 024.
［16］ Thomas G, Rowntree P R. The boreal forests and climate［J］. Journal of Russian Meteorology Society, 1992, 505(B): 469-497.
［17］ Wood E F. Global scale hydrology: Advances in land surface modeling—US National Report to International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, 1987-1900［J］. Review of Geophysics, 1991, 29 (Supp.1): 193-201.
［18］ Verseghy D L. Canadian land surface scheme for GCMs. I［J］. Soil model Journal of Climatology, 1991, 11: 111-133.
［19］ Pomeroy J W, Granger R J. Sustainability of the western Canadian boreal forest under changing hydrological conditionsIsnow accumulation and ablation［A］. In: Rosjberg D, Boutayeb N, Gustard A，et al，eds. Suslainability of Water Resources under Increasing Uncertainty ［C］. Wallingford, UK: Iahs Press, 1997，237-242.
［20］ Komarov A A. Some rules on the migration and deposition of snow in western Siberia and their application to control measures［J］. Trudy TransportnoEnergeticheskogo Instituta,1957, 4: 89-97.
［21］ Strobel T. Schneeinterzeption in FichtenBestaenden in den Voralapen des Kantons Schwyz［A］. In: Proc. IUFRO Seminar on Mountain, Forests and Avalanches ［C］. Switzerland: Davos,1978. 63-79.
［22］ Hedstrom N R, Pomeroy J W. Accumulation of intercepted snow in the boreal forest: Measurements and modeling［J］. [WT6BX]Hydrological Processes, 1998, 12: 1 611-1 623.
［23］ Shook K, Gray D M. Snowmelt resulting from advection［J］. Hydrological Processes, 1997, 11: 1 725-1 736.
［24］ Rouse W R. The regional energy balance［A］. In: Prowse T, Ommanney S,eds. Northern Hydrology, Canadian Perspectives, Supply and Services ［C］. Canada: Saskatoon, 1990. 187-206.
［25］ Zhao L, Gray D M, Male D H. Numerical analysis of simultaneous heat and mass transfer during infiltration into frozen ground［J］. Journal of Hydrology, 1997, 200: 345-363.
［26］ Brun E. Investigation on wet snow metamorphism in respect of liquid water content［J］. Annals of Glaciology, 1989, 13: 22-26.
［27］ Puitt W O. Snow and living things［A］. In: Northern Ecology and Resource Management ［C］. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 1984.51-77.
［28］ Sturm M, Holmgren J, Liston G E. A seasonal snow cover classification system for local to global applications［J］. Journal of Climate, 1995, 8: 1 261-1 283.
［29］ Adams P. Snow and ice on lakes［A］. In: Gray D M, Male D H ,eds. Handbook of Snow, Principles, Processes, Management and Use ［C］. Toronto: Pergamon Press, 1981. 437-474.
［30］ Rawls W J, Brakensiek D L, Miller N. Green-Ampt infiltration parameters from soils data ［J］. Journal of Hydraulics, 1983, 109: 62-70.
［31］ Gray D M. Handbook on the Principles of Hydrology ［M］. Ottawa: Canadian National Committee for the International Hydrological Decade Publication, 1970.
［32］ Hetherington E D. The importance of forests in the hydrological regime［J］. Canada Bulletin of Fish and Aquatic Science, 1987, 215: 179-211.
［33］ Steppuhn H. Snow and agriculture［A］. In: Handbook of Snow, Principles, Processes, Management and Use［C］. Toronto: Pergamon Press, 1981.60-125.
［34］ De Jong E, Dachanoski R G. The role of grasslands in hydrology［J］. Canada Bulletin of Fish and Aquatic Science, 1987, 215: 213-241.
［35］ Bales R C, Davis R E, Williams M W. Tracer release in melting snow: Diurnal and seasonal variations［J］. Hydrological Processes, 1993, 7: 389-401.
［36］ Bales R C, Wolff E W. Interpreting natural climate signals in ice cores ［J］. EOS, 1995, 477: 482-483.
［37］ Tranter M, Tsiouris S, Davies T D. A laboratory investigation of the leaching of solute from snowpack by rainfall［J］. Hydrological Processes, 1992, 6: 169179.
［38］ Jones H G, Pomeroy J W, Davies T D. CO ₂ in Arctic snow cover: Landscape form, inpack gas concentrations gradients, and the implications for the estimation of gaseous fluxes［J］. Hydrological Processes, 1999, 13: 2 977-2 989.
［39］ Barrie L A. Snow formation and processes in the Atmosphère that influence its chemical composition［A］. In: Davies T D, Tranter M, Jones H G eds. Seasonal Snowpacks, Processes of Compositional Change［C］. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1991. 1-20.
［40］ Colbeck S C. A simulation of the enrichment of atmospheric pollutants in snow cover runoff［J］. Water Resources Research, 1981, 17(5): 1 383-1 388.
［41］ Scott B C. Sulfate washout rations in winter storms［J］. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 1981, 20: 619-625.
［42］ Colin J L, Renard D, Lescoat V B, et al. Relationship between rain and snow acidity and air mass trajectory in eastern France［J］. Atmospheric Environment, 1989, 23: 1 487-1 498.
［43］ Suzuki K. Spatial distribution of chloride and sulfate in the snow cover in Sapporo, Japan ［J］. Atmospheric Environment, 1987, 21(8): 1 773-1 778.
［44］ Laird L B, Taylor H E, kennedy V C. Snow chemistry of the CascadeSierra Nevada Mountains［J］. Environmental Science & Technology, 1986, 20: 275-290.
［45］ Raynor G S, Haynes J V. Differential rain and snow scavenging efficiency implied by ionic concentration differences in winter precipitation［A］. In: Precipitation Scavenging, Dry Deposition, and Resuspension［C］.New York: Elsevier, 1983. 249-264.
［46］ Jones H G, Stein J. Hydrogeochemistry of snow and snowmelt in Catchment hydrology ［A］. In: Anderwon M G, Burt T P eds. Process Studies in Hillsolpe Hydrology［C］. Chichester: Wiley, 1990. 255-298.
［47］ Cadle S H. Dry deposition to snowpacks［A］. In: Davies T D, Tranter M, Jones H G eds. Seasonal Snowpacks, Processes of Compositional Change ［C］. Berlin: SpringerVerlag, 1991. 21-66.
［48］ Hogan A, Leggett D. Soil-to-snow movement of synthetic organic compounds in natural snowpack ［A］. In: Tonnessen K A, Williams M W, Tranter M eds. Biogeochemistry of Seasonally Snow-Covered Catchments ［C］. Wallingford, UK: IAHS Press, 1995. 107-114.
［49］ Gjessing Y T. The Filtering effect of snow［A］. In: Isotopes and Impurities in Snow and Ice［C］. Wallingford, UK: IAHS Press, 1977. 199203.
［50］ Colbeck S C. Snow metamorphism and classification［A］. In: Jones H G, Orville T W J，eds. Seasonal Snowcover: Physics, Chemistry, Hydrology ［C］. Netherlands: ReidelDordrecht, 1987. 1-35.
［51］ Granberg H B. Distribution of grain sizes and internal surface area and their role in snow chemistry in a sub-Arctic snow cover［J］. Annals of Glaciology, 1985, 7: 149-152.
［52］ Granli T, Bockman O C. Nitrous oxide from agriculture［J］. Norwegian Journal of Sgri Sciences, 1994, (Supp): 1224.
［53］ Tranter M. Controls on the chemical composition of snowmelt［A］. In: Davies T D, Tranter M, Jones H G, eds. Seasonal Snowpacks, Processes of Compositional Change ［C］. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1991. 241-270.
［54］ Davis R E. Links between snowpack physics and snowpack chemistry［A］. In: Davies T D, Tranter M, Jones H G, eds. Seasonal Snowpacks, Processes of Compositional Change ［C］. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1991. 115-138.
［55］ Psenner R, Nickus U. Snow chemistry of a glacier in the central Eastern Alps (Hintereisferner, Tyrol, Austria)［J］. Zeitschrift Fur Gletscherkunde Glazialgeol, 1986, 22: 1-18.
［56］ Brooks P D, Williams M W, Schmidt S K. Inorganic nitrogen and microbial biomass dynamics before and during spring snowmelt ［J］. Biogeochemistry, 1997, 33: 1-15.
［57］ Van Bochove E, Jones H G, Bertrand N, et al. Winter fluxes of greenhouse gases from snow-covered agricultural soil: Intra- and inter-annual variations［J］. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2000, 14: 113-125.
［58］ Bauer F. Microscopical observations on the red snow［J］. Science & Arts, 1819, 7: 222229.
［59］ Yoshimura Y, Kohshima S, Ohtani S. A community of snow algae on a Himalayan glacier: Change of algal biomass and community structure with altitude［J］. Arctic Alpine Research, 1997, 29: 126-137.
［60］ Margesin R, Schinner F. Properties of cold-adapted microorganisms and their potential role in biotechnology［J］. Journal of Biotechnology, 1994, 33: 1-14.
［61］ Brock T D. Life at high temperatures［J］. Science, 1967, 158: 1 012-1 019.
［62］ Hoham R W. Unicellular chlorophytes snow algae ［A］. In: Cox E R ed. Phytoflagellates ［C］. New York: ElsevierNorth Holland, 1980. 61-84.
［63］ Weiss R L. Fine structure of the snow alga (Chlamydomonas nivalis) and associated bacteria［J］. Journal of Phycology, 1983, 19: 200-204.
［64］ Andreis C, Rodondi G. Ultrastructural aspects of cryoplankton［J］. Caryologia, 1979, 32: 119-120.
［65］ Stein J R, Bisalputra T. Crystalline bodies in an algal chloroplast［J］. Canada Journal of Botany，1969, 47: 233-236.
［66］ Bidigare R R, Ondrusek M E, Kennicutt M C, et al. Evidence for a photoprotective function for secondary carotenoids of snow algae［J］. Journal of Phycology, 1993, 29: 427-434.
［67］ Thomas W H, Broady P A. Distribution of coloured snow and associated algal genera in New Zealand［J］. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 1997, 35: 113-117.
［68］ Hoham R W, Mullet J E, Roemer S C. The optimum pH of four strains of acidophilic snow algae in the genus Chloromonas (Chlorophyta) and possible effects of acid precipitation［J］. Journal of Phycology, 1983, 21: 603-609.
［69］ Thaler K. Weitere Funde nivaler Spinnen (Aranei) in Nordtirol und Beifange［J］. Ber NatMed Verein Innsbruck, 1992, 79: 153-159.
［70］ Edwards J S. Arthropods of alpine Aeolian ecosystems［J］. Annual Review of Entomology, 1987, 32: 163-179.
［71］ Viramo J. Invertebrates active on snow in northern Finland［J］. Oulanka Reports, 1983, 3: 47-52.
［72］ Merritt J F. Winter survivaladaptations of the short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda) in an Appalachian montane forest［J］. Journal of Mammalogy, 1986, 67 (3): 450-464.
［73］ Somme L. supercooling and winter survival in terrestrial arthropods［J］. Comparative Biochemical Physiology, 1989, 73A: 519-543.
［74］ Fjellberg A. New species of the genus Isotoma Bourlet, 1839 from North America (Collembola: Isotomidae)［J］. Entomology Scandinavica, 1978, 9: 93-110.
［75］ Pruitt W O. Snow and small mammals［A］. In: Merritt J F ed. Winter Ecology of Small Mammals［C］. Pittsburgh: Carnegie Museum of Natural History Publication, 1984. 1-8.
［76］ 1Pernetta J C. Diets of the shrews Sorex araneus and Sorex minutus in Wytham grassland［J］. Journal of Animal Ecology, 1976, 45: 899-912.
［77］ Zonov G B. Directions of ecological adaptations of birds and small mammals to winter conditions［J］. Soviet Journal of Ecology, 1982, 13 (5): 331-335.
［78］ Aitchison C W. Low temperature and preferred feeding by winter-active Collembola (Insecta, Apterygota)［J］. Pedobiologia, 1983. 25: 27-36.
［79］ Novikov G A. The use of under-snow refuges among small birds of the sparrow family［J］. Aquilo Series of Zoology, 1972, 13: 95-97.
［80］ Merriam G, Wegner J, Caldwell D. Invertebrate activity under snow in deciduous woods［J］. Holarctic Ecology, 1983, 6: 89-94.
［81］ Formosov A N. Snow cover as an integral factor of the environment and its importance in the ecology of mammals and birds［J］. Zoology, 1946, 5: 1-152.
［82］ Swan L W. The ecology of the high Himalayas ［J］. Scientific American, 1961, 205: 68-78.
［83］ Mann D H, Edwards J S, Gara R I. Diel activity patterns in snowfield foraging invertebrates on Mt. Rainier, Washington［J］. Arctic Alpine Research, 1980, 12: 359-368.
［84］ Collins K M. Aspects of the Biology of the Great Gray Owl Strix Nebulosa Forster［M］. Canada: Manitoba University Publication, 1980.
［85］ Buchner C H. Populations and ecological relationships of shrews in tamarack bogs of southeastern Manitoba［J］. Journal of Mammalogy, 1964, 47: 181-194.
［86］ Aitchison C. Review of winter trophic relations of soricine shrews［J］. Mammalogy Review, 1987, 17(1): 1-24.
［87］ Molenaar J G. An ecohydrological approach to floral and vegetational patterns in arctic landscape ecology［J］. Arctic Alpine Research, 1987, 19: 414-424.
［88］ Walker M D, Walker D A, Auerbach N A. Plant communities of a tussock tundra landscape in the Brooks Range foothills, Alaska［J］. Journal of Vegetation Science, 1994, 5: 843-866.
［89］ Heide O M. Flowering strategies of the high-arctic and high-alpine snow bed grass species Phippsia algida［J］. Physiology of Plant, 1992, 85: 606-610.
［90］ Walker D A, Halfpenny J C, Walker M D, et al. Long-term studies of snow-vegetation interactions［J］. Biological Sciences, 1993, 43: 287-301.
［91］ Pomeroy J W, Gray D M. Snowcover: Accumulation, Reolcation and Management［M］. Canada: Saskatoon, 1995.
［92］ Scherf E J, Galen C, Stanton M L. Seed dispersal, seedling survival, and habitat affinity in a snowbed plant: Limits to the distribution of the snow buttercup, Ranunculus adoneus［J］. Oikos, 1994, 69: 405-413.
［93］ Rochow T F. Growth, caloric content, and sugars in Caltha leptosepala in relation to alpine snowmelt［J］. Bulletin of Torrey Botanical Club, 1969, 96: 689-698.
［94］ Mark A F, Bliss L C. The highalpine vegetation of central Otago, New Zealand［J］. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 1970, 8: 381-451.
［95］ Hadley E B, Bliss L C. Energy relationships of alpine plants on Mt. Washington, New Hampshire［J］. Ecological Monographs, 1964, 34: 331-357.
［96］ Caldwell M M. Solar ultraviolet radiation as an ecological factor for alpine plants［J］. Ecological Monographs, 1968, 38: 243-268.
［97］ Bell K L. Autecology of Kobresia Bellardii: Why Winter Snow Accumulation Limits Local Distribution［M］. Edmonton: Alberta University Publication, 1974.
［98］ Larcher W. Zür sptwinterlichen Erschwerung der Wasserbilaanz vol Holzpflanzen au der Waldgrenze， Ber［J］. NaturwissenMed. Ver Innsbruck, 1963, 53: 125-137.
［99］ Oberbauer S F, Billings W D. Drought tolerance and water use by plants along an alpine topographic gradient［J］. Oecologia, 1981, 50: 325-331.
［100］Beyers J L. Physiological Ecology of Three Alpine Plant Species along a Snowbank Gradient in the Northern Sierra Nevada［M］. Durham, NC: Duke University Publication, 1983.
［101］Graumlich L J. Precipitation variation in the Pacific northwest (1675-1975) as reconstructed from tree rings［J］. Annuals of Association of American Geography, 1987, 77: 19-29.
［102］Bégin C. Analyse Architecturale et Dendroécologique d'une Pessière à Lichens à la Limite des Forêts［M］. Québec: Université Laval Publication, 1991.
［103］Laprise D, Payette S. évoution récente d'une tourbière à palses (Québec subarctique): une analyse cartographique et dendrochronologique［J］. Canada Journal of Botany, 1988, 66: 2 217-2 227.
［104］ Jones P D, Raper S C B, Bradley R S, et al. Northern hemisphere surface air temperature variations: 1851-1984［J］. Journal of American Meteorology Society, 1986, 25: 161-179.
［105］ Payette S. Recent porcupine expansion at tree-line: A dendroecological analysis［J］. Canada Journal of Zoology, 1987, 65: 551-557.
［106］ Payette S, Delwaide A. Variations séculaires du niveau d'eau dans le basin de la rivière Boniface (Québec nordique): Une analyse dendroécologique，Géographie［J］. Physics-Q, 1991, 45: 59-67.
［107］ Bégin Y. Dynamique de la Végétation Riveraine du Lac à l'Eau-Claire, Québec Subarctique［M］. Québec: Laval Université Publication, 1986.