地球科学进展 ›› 2026, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (2): 151 -166. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2026.003

研究论文 上一篇    

人为气溶胶排放的时空非均匀变化对中国夏季极端高温趋势的影响及机理
申展1,2(), 王海1,2()   
  1. 1.中国海洋大学 海洋动力—物理环境与智能感知全国重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100
    2.中国海洋大学 海洋与大气学院,山东 青岛 266100
  • 收稿日期:2025-11-13 修回日期:2025-12-18 出版日期:2026-02-10
  • 通讯作者: 王海 E-mail:szhan2001@163.com;wanghai@ouc.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金国际(地区)合作与交流项目(42011540386)

Impacts and Mechanisms of Spatio-temporal Heterogeneity in Anthropogenic Aerosol Emissions on the Summer Extreme High Temperature Trends in China

Zhan Shen1,2(), Hai Wang1,2()   

  1. 1.State Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
    2.College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • Received:2025-11-13 Revised:2025-12-18 Online:2026-02-10 Published:2026-04-02
  • Contact: Hai Wang E-mail:szhan2001@163.com;wanghai@ouc.edu.cn
  • About author:Shen Zhan, research areas include climate effects of anthropogenic aerosol forcing. E-mail: szhan2001@163.com
  • Supported by:
    International Cooperation and Exchange Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42011540386)

观测结果表明,伴随全球变暖,过去几十年来中国极端高温事件显著增加。阐明不同区域人为气溶胶影响中国极端高温趋势的差异化机制,对预测未来变化具有重要意义。基于第六次国际耦合模式比较计划历史模拟与人为气溶胶/温室气体单一强迫历史模拟试验的结果,系统研究了不同区域人为气溶胶排放变化对中国极端高温趋势的影响及物理机制。研究发现,1950—1979年,东亚与欧洲人为气溶胶排放增加共同导致中国极端高温减弱,其中东亚人为气溶胶主要通过反射和散射短波辐射导致地表冷却;欧洲人为气溶胶则可以通过改变排放源地大气热力结构以激发一个东传的大气遥相关波列引发东亚高空辐合、位势高度正异常和偏北风冷平流的异常响应。1980—2009年,欧洲人为气溶胶排放的减少通过激发反位相的大气遥相关波列,导致东亚高空辐散、位势高度负异常和南风暖平流异常,抵消了东亚人为气溶胶排放持续增加在中国北部造成的冷却效应,形成“北多南少”的极端高温趋势分布格局。2010—2020年,东亚与欧洲人为气溶胶减排的共同作用进一步推动中国极端高温的增加趋势。研究结果揭示了不同区域人为气溶胶强迫影响中国极端高温变化作用机制的本质差异:东亚人为气溶胶主要通过改变局地辐射平衡直接影响极端高温趋势变化,而欧洲人为气溶胶主要通过大气遥相关过程调控东亚大气环流,从而间接影响极端高温趋势变化。这一发现深化了对人为气溶胶强迫远程气候效应的认识,为未来更好地预测极端高温的变化提供了理论补充。

Observational data indicate that, against the background of global warming, extreme high temperature events in China have increased significantly over the past few decades. Clarifying the differential mechanisms by which anthropogenic aerosols from different sources influence these trends in China is of great importance for predicting future changes. Based on historical simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6), including all-forcing, anthropogenic aerosol single-forcing, and greenhouse gas single-forcing experiments, the influence of anthropogenic aerosol emissions from different sources on the trends of extreme high temperature in China and the underlying physical mechanisms are systematically investigated. This study reveals that during 1950-1979, increased anthropogenic aerosol emissions in both East Asia and Europe collectively contributed to the reduction trend in the extreme high temperature in China. East Asian aerosols primarily induced surface cooling by reflecting and scattering shortwave radiation. While European aerosols modified the thermal structure of the atmosphere in the source region, triggering an eastward-propagate atmospheric wave train, resulting in upper-level convergence, positive geopotential height anomalies, and cold advection associated with northerlies in East Asia. During 1980-2009, the reduction in European anthropogenic aerosol emissions excited an anti-phase atmospheric teleconnection pattern, leading to the upper-level divergence, negative geopotential height anomalies, and warm advection associated with southerlies in East Asia. This counteracted the cooling effect in northern China induced by the continuous increased East Asian aerosol emissions, resulting in an “increase in the north and decrease in the south” spatial pattern of the extreme high temperature trends. During 2010-2020, the combined effect of reduced anthropogenic aerosol emissions in both East Asia and Europe further accelerated the increase trend of the extreme high temperature in China. This study clearly elucidates the fundamental differences in the mechanisms by which anthropogenic aerosol forcing from different sources influences the extreme high temperature changes in China: East Asian aerosols primarily exert a direct impact by altering local radiative forcing, whereas European aerosols indirectly modulate the extreme high temperature trends by influencing East Asian atmospheric circulation through atmospheric teleconnection processes. These findings enhance the understanding of the remote climatic effects of anthropogenic aerosol forcing and provide a theoretical basis for improving future predictions of the extreme high temperature events.

中图分类号: 

图1 CMIP6人为气溶胶单一强迫历史模拟的夏季(6~8月平均)550 nm气溶胶光学厚度时空演变特征
(a)全球和区域平均[东亚(100°~125°E,20°~40°N),南亚(70°~100°E,10°~30°N),欧洲(0°~50°E,40°~60°N)]夏季550 nm气溶胶光学厚度(单位:1)的时间序列;(b)1950—1979年、(c)1980—2009年和(d)2010—2020年夏季550 nm气溶胶光学厚度变化趋势;黑色框从左到右分别是欧洲,南亚和东亚区域。打点区域表示趋势变化通过95%置信水平的显著性检验。
Fig. 1 Spatio-temporal characters of summerJune-August mean550 nm Aerosol Optical DepthAODin CMIP6 historical anthropogenic aerosol single-forcing simulations
(a) Time series of summer (June-August mean) global and regional mean [East Asia (100°~125°E, 20°~40°N); South Asia (70°~100°E, 10°~30°N); Europe (0°~50°E, 40°~60°N)] 550 nm AOD (unit: 1). Trends of 550 nm AOD during (b) 1950-1979, (c) 1980-2009, (d) 2010-2020. The black boxes from left to right represent Europe, South Asia, and East Asia, respectively. Stippled regions indicate the trends are significant at the 95% confidence level.
表1 本文使用的CMIP6气候模式
Table 1 The CMIP6 climate models used in this study
表2 本文使用的极端高温指数定义
Table 2 Definitions of the extreme high temperature indices used in this study
图2 基于观测的夏季(6~8月平均)极端高温指数在不同历史时期的变化趋势
打点区域表示趋势变化通过95%置信水平的显著性检验。
Fig. 2 Trends of observed summerJune-August meanextreme high temperature indices in distinct historical periods
Stippled regions indicate the trends are significant at the 95% confidence level.
图3 CMIP6全强迫、人为气溶胶/温室气体单一强迫历史模拟的夏季(6~8月平均)极端高温指数在不同历史时期的变化趋势
除全强迫外,其他子图右上角数值为单一强迫历史模拟和全强迫历史模拟之间的空间相关性;打点区域表示趋势变化通过95%置信水平的显著性检验。
Fig. 3 Trends of summerJune-August meanextreme high temperature indices in CMIP6 historical all-forcinganthropogenic aerosol/GHG single-forcing simulations in distinct historical periods
Except for all-forcing, other spatial correlations between the single-forcing and the all-forcing trends are marked on the top right in each panel. Stippled regions indicate the trends are significant at the 95% confidence level.
图4 CMIP6全强迫、人为气溶胶/温室气体单一强迫历史模拟的夏季(6~8月平均)地表气温在不同历史时期的变化趋势
打点区域表示趋势变化通过95%置信水平的显著性检验。
Fig. 4 Trends of summerJune-August meansurface temperature in CMIP6 historical all-forcinganthropogenic aerosol/GHG single-forcing simulations in distinct historical periods
Stippled regions indicate the trends are significant at the 95% confidence level.
图5 CMIP6人为气溶胶单一强迫历史模拟的不同历史时期中国夏季(6~8月平均)地表气温变化趋势的诊断结果
(a)1950—1979年、(b)1980—2009年和(c)2010—2020年中国区域平均地表气温诊断方程各项的贡献;(d)~(f)对应时期垂直运动项的变化趋势;(g)~(i)对应时期非绝热加热项的变化趋势;打点区域表示趋势变化通过95%置信水平的显著性检验。
Fig. 5 Diagnosis of summerJune-August meansurface temperature trends over China in CMIP6 historical anthropogenic aerosol single-forcing simulations in distinct historical periods
Contributions of different terms in the diagnostic equation for regional-mean surface temperature over China during (a) 1950-1979, (b) 1980-2009, and (c) 2010-2020; (d)~(f) Trends of the vertical motion term for the corresponding periods; (g)~(i) Trends of the diabatic heating term for the corresponding periods; Stippled regions indicate the trends are significant at the 95% confidence level.
图6 CMIP6人为气溶胶单一强迫历史模拟的夏季(6~8月平均)辐射与能量通量在不同历史时期的变化趋势空间分布及中国区域平均结果
打点区域表示趋势变化通过95%置信水平的显著性检验。
Fig. 6 Trends of summerJune-August meanradiation and energy fluxes in CMIP6 historical anthropogenic aerosol single-forcing simulations in distinct historical periods and the regional mean results over China
Stippled regions indicate the trends are significant at the 95% confidence level.
图7 CMIP6人为气溶胶单一强迫历史模拟的夏季(6~8月平均)大气环流异常在不同历史时期的变化趋势
(a)1950—1979年、(b)1980—2009年、(c)2010—2020年200 hPa纬向风变化趋势(填色)和相应时段的气候态平均纬向风(等值线,单位:m/s);(d)~(f)1950—1979年、1980—2009年和2010—2020年海平面气压(填色)和相应时段850 hPa风变化趋势(矢量,参考标尺如右上角所示,值小于0.05的矢量被省略);打点区域分别表示200 hPa纬向风和海平面气压趋势变化通过95%置信水平的显著性检验。
Fig. 7 Trends of summerJune-August meanatmospheric circulation in CMIP6 historical anthropogenic aerosol single-forcing simulations in distinct historical periods
Trends of (a) 1950-1979, (b) 1980-2009, (c) 2010-2020 200 hPa zonal wind (shading), and the corresponding climatological zonal wind (contours, unit: m/s). Trends of (d)~(f) 1950-1979, 1980-2009, 2010-2020 sea level pressure (shading) and 850 hPa wind (vectors, reference scale at the top right with values smaller than 0.05 omitted). Stippled regions indicate the 200 hPa zonal wind and sea level pressure trends are significant at the 95% confidence level.
图8 CMIP6人为气溶胶单一强迫历史模拟的夏季(6~8月平均)200 hPa大气环流在不同历史时期对欧洲对流层平均温度的回归及变化趋势
(a)1950—1979年、(c)1980—2009年、(e)2010—2020年200 hPa扰动位势高度对欧洲区域(40°~60°N,0°~50°E)对流层平均温度(200~850 hPa)异常的回归场;(b)、(d)、(f)为对应时期200 hPa流函数(填色)和波活动通量[矢量,参考尺度如右上角所示,其中(b)和(d)中值小于3×10-6以及(f)中值小于4×10-5的矢量被省略]的变化趋势;打点区域表示扰动位势高度回归系数和流函数趋势变化通过95%置信水平的显著性检验。
Fig. 8 Response of summerJune-August mean200 hPa atmospheric circulation to European tropospheric mean temperature and their corresponding trends in CMIP6 historical anthropogenic aerosol single-forcing simulations in distinct historical periods
Regressions of the 200 hPa eddy geopotential height onto the tropospheric mean temperature (200~850 hPa) anomalies over European (40°~60°N, 0°~50°E) during (a)1950-1979, (c) 1980-2009 and (e)2010-2020. (b), (d), (f) are the trends of 200 hPa stream function (shading) and wave activity flux [vectors; reference scale shown at top right, with vectors smaller than 3×10-6 in (b) and (d) and smaller than 4×10-5 in (f) omitted] for the corresponding periods. Stippled regions indicate the eddy geopotential height regression coefficients and the stream function trends are significant at the 95% confidence level.
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