地球科学进展 ›› 2025, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (11): 1148 -1165. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2025.056

综述与评述 上一篇    下一篇

海相沉积磷灰石相关稀土的资源潜力和成矿机理
袁雨凡1(), 苟文贤2(), 刘一涵3, 黄艺3, 任超4, 李伟5   
  1. 1.成都理工大学 地球与行星科学学院,四川 成都 610059
    2.地质灾害防治与地质环境保护全国重点 实验室,成都理工大学,四川 成都 610059
    3.成都理工大学 生态环境学院,四川 成都 610059
    4.南京理工大学 环境与生物工程学院,江苏 南京 210023
    5.表生地球化学教育部重点实验室,关键地球物质循环与成矿全国重点实验室,南京大学 地球科学与工程学院,江苏 南京 210023
  • 收稿日期:2025-06-18 修回日期:2025-08-04 出版日期:2025-11-10
  • 通讯作者: 苟文贤 E-mail:306664431@qq.com;gouwx@cdut.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    南京大学关键地球物质循环与成矿全国重点实验室开放研究基金项目(2024-LAMD-K02)

Advances in Resource Potential and Mineralization Mechanism of REY in Marine Apatite-rich Sediment

Yufan YUAN1(), Wenxian GOU2(), Yihan LIU3, Yi HUANG3, Chao REN4, Wei LI5   

  1. 1.College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
    2.State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
    3.College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
    4.School of Environmental & Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210023, China
    5.Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Critical Earth Material Cycling and Mineral Deposits, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
  • Received:2025-06-18 Revised:2025-08-04 Online:2025-11-10 Published:2025-12-31
  • Contact: Wenxian GOU E-mail:306664431@qq.com;gouwx@cdut.edu.cn
  • About author:YUAN Yufan, research areas include environmental geochemistry. E-mail: 306664431@qq.com
  • Supported by:
    the Open Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Critical Earth Material Cycling and Mineral Deposits, Nanjing University(2024-LAMD-K02)

海相沉积型磷块岩及富稀土深海沉积物(统称海相沉积磷灰石相关稀土资源)因分布广、储量大和重稀土富集,被认为是继碱性岩型与离子吸附型稀土之后的重要接替性资源。该类矿床产业化开发需以深入认知其资源禀赋及成矿机制为前提,基于此,梳理了近15年的研究进展,聚焦该类矿床的全球分布、开采技术、稀土赋存及富集机制。研究表明,全球已发现多处具经济价值的矿化区,资源潜力巨大,但受制于开采技术,商业化开采尚难实现。在成矿机理上,该类资源整体受控于“磷—稀土”耦合机制,矿物—溶液界面反应与早期成岩作用是稀土富集的关键,其中磷块岩型主要依赖胶磷矿吸收与黏土矿物吸附固定来自陆源、海水或热液的稀土,而深海沉积型则通过生物磷灰石骨架类质同像置换直接捕获海水中的稀土。这些认识为稀土成矿理论完善和未来开发奠定了基础,但研究仍处于早期阶段,系统性和深度不足,未来亟须多学科多技术协同攻关,重点突破储量精确评估、开采技术研发及成矿理论完善。

Rare Earth Elements and Yttrium (REY) are one of the most critical strategic resources in the world today. However, the intensive exploitation and supply of conventional rare metal deposits—primarily those associated with alkaline igneous rocks and ion-adsorption clays, have led to mounting challenges for the rare earth industry, including declining resource security and increasing environmental pressure. This situation underscores the urgent need to seek alternative rare earth resources. Sedimentary phosphate rocks and deep sea REY-rich sediments have emerged as promising alternatives. They are widely distributed, possess large reserves, and are enriched in heavy rare earth elements. In recent years, considerable research have focused on the REY resource potential and mineralization mechanism of these two deposits. They found that there are several economically valuable the mineral concentrated area, distributing globally. Several studies have established mining and utilization models and developed REY extraction strategies. In terms of the ore formation mechanism, current knowledge suggests that the enrichment of REY in deep-sea sediments and phosphorus deposits is closely tied to phosphorus-enrichment, although these deposits have certain differences in terms of occurrence form, mineralization environment, and rare earth source, etc. Sorption at mineral-solution interface along with early diagenesis, are considered as the key processes to REY enrichment. However, Most of these studies were published in the past 15 years, and their systematicness and depth still fall short. For example, despite their potential, commercial development remains constrained by technical, environmental, and economic challenges—including mining equipment limitations, ecological risks, and uncertain market revenues. As a result, large-scale industrial extraction from deep-sea sediments has yet to be realized. Additionally, REY enrichment mechanisms is poorly understood. In the future, multidisciplinary collaboration will be essential. Collaborative research involving multiple disciplines and multiple technical methods will enable more precise estimation of resource reserves and contribute to the metallogenic enrichment theories. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the understanding of the rare earth resource replacement potential and offers perspectives for future research directions in this field.

中图分类号: 

图1 稀土的用途(a1-2和储量及年开采量(b3
Fig. 1 The usesa1-2and reservesannual mining volumeb3of rare earths
图2 全球沉积磷块岩矿床23和富稀土深海沉积物7-9253032-44分布
Fig. 2 The distribution of global sedimentary phosphite deposits23 and rare earth-rich deep-sea sediments7-9253032-44
图3 海相沉积磷灰石相关稀土资源的开采和提取原理
Fig. 3 The mining and extraction principles of Rare Earth Elements and YttriumREYresources in marine apatite-rich sediment
表1 不同酸浸法的比较
Table 1 Comparison of different acid hydrolysis
稀土类型方法名称基本原理最佳方案优势缺点参考文献
磷块岩型稀土硫酸法通过浓硫酸与磷矿的反应,将稀土元素从磷矿中溶出发展磷矿的盐酸化处理与磷酸的液—液萃取耦合工艺,摆脱磷石膏废渣的产生,同时保证REY易回收对磷矿石P2O5品位要求不高且适应性强,产生的磷石膏经处理可用于建筑材料回收成本较高,且会造成磷石膏堆积4957
盐酸法盐酸与磷矿之间反应,生成富含氯化钙与磷酸的混合溶液,使稀土元素进入液相,再对液相中的稀土元素分离提稀土的浸出率高(可达到90%以上),环境污染较小工艺复杂,副产物氯化钙难以分离回收等。磷矿中金属杂质会同时进入溶液。分解过程产生的大量氯化钙废液难以有效利用4963-64
硝酸法硝酸与磷矿石发生反应,将几乎所有稀土元素溶解于液相之中。再通过沉淀法、离子交换法或萃取法等技术,对稀土元素的富集与提纯轻重稀土的浸出率高(均可达到99%以上),不消耗硫资源、环境影响小和硝态氮利用率高等提取过程中杂质离子多、除杂工艺复杂,浓硝酸具有强氧化性,在液—液萃取过程中,容易使萃取剂失活576065-66
混合酸法结合盐酸、硝酸及硫酸等多种酸协同下提取稀土,通过酸液浸出磷矿中的稀土,就可以得到含有稀土的酸浸液,一般可以通过树脂吸附提取,也可以通过有机溶剂萃取通过稀酸浸出(0.5 mol/L盐酸和0.2 mol/L硫酸),能够提取出磷矿中几乎100%的稀土元素总量,且不存在许多传统稀土矿床开发中所面临的复杂技术与环境挑战6167
深海富稀土沉积物型稀土硫酸法主要依赖于其酸性,通过提供大量的氢离子来破坏稀土矿物的结构,将稀土氧化物转化为可溶性的硫酸盐成本较低,对设备的腐蚀性较小,浸出后的废液处理相对简单浸出率较低,浸出反应时间相对较长205867
盐酸法盐酸浸出稀土元素主要通过酸与稀土氧化物或矿物中的稀土元素发生酸碱中和反应,生成可溶性的稀土氯化物浸出率较高,对某些稀土元素的选择性较好,对设备的腐蚀性较小,操作条件相对容易控制盐酸浸出的废液中含有大量的氯离子,处理时需要额外的化学试剂和处理工艺,增加了环保成本,挥发性强586267
硝酸法硝酸可以将矿物中的金属元素氧化到更高的价态,从而破坏矿物的结构,使稀土元素更容易被浸出氧化性较强,能提高浸出率,适用于多种类型的深海沉积物成本高,硝酸具有腐蚀性,对设备要求高,废液中含有大量的硝酸根离子586267
图4 深海沉积物稀土元素和钇总含量与主量元素关系
Fig. 4 The relationship betweenREY and major elements in deep-sea sediments
图5 稀土元素和钇离子类质同像替代磷灰石中二价钙离子进入磷灰石晶格模式
Fig. 5 The substitution mode of divalent calcium ions in apatite lattice by Rare Earth Elements and YttriumREYions with isomorphism
图6 海相沉积磷灰石相关稀土的富集成矿机制
Fig. 6 The enrichment and mineralization mechanism of apatite-type rare earths
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