深空探测时代的风沙地貌学

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2019.10.1001

“深海、深地、深空”探测为地球科学发展提供了机遇与挑战，地球科学开始迎接以火星探测为代表的深空探测高潮。中国将于2020年实施火星探测计划，对火星开展全球性、综合性的环绕探测，并对局部地区开展巡视探测。行星地学研究，包括风沙地貌学，需要未雨绸缪，做好准备。基于风沙地貌学的发展历史与趋势，将发展历史划分为只关注风沙地貌本身的经典研究、关注地球系统的现代研究和关注地外星球的未来研究3个阶段，总结了各阶段的特点，认为深空探测时代的行星风沙地貌学研究已水到渠成。随之重点总结了行星风沙地貌学的发展与成就，指出亟待解决的问题，展望未来发展方向。现已探明在火星、金星和土卫六上有多种类型风沙地貌发育，风成过程甚至是这些星球最活跃的现代表面过程。不同星球风沙地貌具有较好的相似性，但差异也很明显，意味着风沙地貌发育机理的统一性和形成条件的多样性，风沙地貌学理论需要通过不同星球风沙地貌的对比研究逐步完善和拓展。地外行星上较为简单的形成条件在展示风沙地貌形成规律和机理方面具有明显优势，深空探测时代的风沙地貌学方兴未艾。

关键词: 深空探测, 风沙地貌, 金星, 火星, 土卫六

The exploration of "Deep Sea, Deep Earth and Deep Space" provides opportunities and challenges for the development of geoscience, and geographical science begins to meet the climax of deep space exploration represented by Mars. In China, Martian exploration will be launched in 2020, which will carry out global and comprehensive surrounding exploration of Mars, patrol detection in some local areas, researchers need to be well prepared for the study of planetary geosciences including aeolian geomorphology based on these coming data. Aeolian geomorphology is divided into three stages based on the development history and trend: classical research focusing on single dune observation, modern research with earth system ideology and future research mainly on extra-terrestrial planets. The characteristics of each developing stage were summarized, and we believe that the planetary aeolian research will come naturally. Then, the development and achievement of planetary aeolian research are summarized, the existing problems and future developing trend were also discussed here. Study shows that there are many types of aeolian landforms on Mars, Venus and Titan, and the aeolian process is the most active modern surface process. Aeolian geomorphology in different planets has good similarity, but the difference is also obvious, which means that they have similar formation mechanism, but different formation and evolution conditions, therefore, the theory of aeolian geomorphology will be improved and enriched gradually through the comparative study on different planets. There are obvious advantages in revealing the formation laws and mechanism of aeolian geomorphology in extraterrestrial planets because of the simple formation conditions, and the research of aeolian geomorphology in the era of deep space exploration is in the ascendant.

Key words: Deep exploration, Aeolian geomorphology, Venus, Mars, Titan.

中图分类号:

P931.3

表1 与风沙地貌有关的星体参数 ^{[

10
]}

Table 1 Astral parameters related to aeolian geomorphology ^{[

10
]}

项目	金星	地球	火星	土卫六
相对质量/（地球=1）	0.815	1	0.108	0.02
绝对质量/kg	48.7×10²³	59.8×10²³	6.43×10²³	1.34×10²³
相对密度/（地球=1）	0.953	1	0.717	0.344
重力加速度/（m/s²）	8.88	9.81	3.73	1.36
直径/km	12 104	12 756	6 787	5 140
表面积/km²	4.6×10⁸	5.1×10⁸	1.4×10⁸	8.3×10⁷
主要大气组分	CO₂	N₂和O₂	CO₂	N₂
表面大气压/Pa	9×10⁶	10⁵	7.5×10²	≈1.6×10⁵
表面平均温度/℃	480	22	-23	-200
表面液态水	无	有	无	无
轨道半径/AU	0.72	1	4.52	9.53
轨道周期/a	0.62	1.00	1.88	29.6（土星值）
轨道偏心率	0.007	0.017	0.093	0.056（土星值）
轨道倾角/（°）	<3	23.5	25.1	-
太阳常数/[erg/(cm² ·s）]	2.61×10⁶	1.37×10⁶	0.59×10⁶	0.15×10⁵

表1 与风沙地貌有关的星体参数 ^{[

10
]}

Table 1 Astral parameters related to aeolian geomorphology ^{[

10
]}

项目	金星	地球	火星	土卫六
相对质量/（地球=1）	0.815	1	0.108	0.02
绝对质量/kg	48.7×10²³	59.8×10²³	6.43×10²³	1.34×10²³
相对密度/（地球=1）	0.953	1	0.717	0.344
重力加速度/（m/s²）	8.88	9.81	3.73	1.36
直径/km	12 104	12 756	6 787	5 140
表面积/km²	4.6×10⁸	5.1×10⁸	1.4×10⁸	8.3×10⁷
主要大气组分	CO₂	N₂和O₂	CO₂	N₂
表面大气压/Pa	9×10⁶	10⁵	7.5×10²	≈1.6×10⁵
表面平均温度/℃	480	22	-23	-200
表面液态水	无	有	无	无
轨道半径/AU	0.72	1	4.52	9.53
轨道周期/a	0.62	1.00	1.88	29.6（土星值）
轨道偏心率	0.007	0.017	0.093	0.056（土星值）
轨道倾角/（°）	<3	23.5	25.1	-
太阳常数/[erg/(cm² ·s）]	2.61×10⁶	1.37×10⁶	0.59×10⁶	0.15×10⁵

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Aeolian Geomorphology in the Era of Deep Space Exploration