海岸带生态风险评价研究进展

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2016.02.0137.

地球科学进展 ›› 2016, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (2): 137 -146. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2016.02.0137.

海岸带生态风险评价研究进展

许妍(

), 曹可 ^*(

), 李冕, 许自舟

国家海洋环境监测中心,辽宁大连 116023

收稿日期:2015-10-12 修回日期:2015-12-20 出版日期:2016-02-20
通讯作者: 曹可 E-mail:yxu@nmemc.org.cn;kcao@nmemc.org.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目“基于缓发型灾害的辽东湾海岸带生态风险综合测定及时空分异”(编号:41301079);国家海洋局青年海洋科学基金项目“基于隐患因素的辽东湾海岸带生态安全测度与动态模拟”(编号:2013125)资助

Coastal Ecological Risk Assessment: Its Research Progress and Prospect

Yan Xu( ), Ke Cao ^*( ), Mian Li, Zizhou Xu

National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China

Received:2015-10-12 Revised:2015-12-20 Online:2016-02-20 Published:2016-02-10
Contact: Ke Cao E-mail:yxu@nmemc.org.cn;kcao@nmemc.org.cn
About author:
First author:Xu Yan(1981-), female, Yingkou City, Liaoning Province, Assistant researcher. Research areas indude the coastal zone of risk assessment and ecological regionalization research.E-mail:yxu@nmemc.org.cn

Corresponding author:Cao Ke(1978-), male, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, Associate Professor. Research area indude the study of sea coastal zone planning and management.E-mail:kcao@nmemc.org.cn
Supported by:
Project supported by the Youth Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China “The comprehensive measure and spatial-temporal difference of Liaodong Bay coastal ecological risk based on delayed disaster”(No.41301079);Youth Program of National Marine Science Foundation of China’s State Oceanic Administration “The ecological safety measure and dynamic simulation of Liaodong Bay coastal zone based on risk factors”(No.2013125)

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海岸带位于海陆系统交错地带,独特的区位特征使其生态风险评价既有区域生态风险评价的综合性,亦有自身的特殊性。近年来,随着沿海经济发展和海岸带生态环境的恶化,海岸带生态风险越来越受到关注,但尚缺乏有关海岸带生态风险评价深入系统的研究与总结。通过梳理和归纳现有研究成果,基于海陆相互作用和陆海统筹的思想,在充分考虑海岸带生态环境的独特性、地域性和综合性的基础上,从风险源—生境—风险受体三大基本要素对海岸带生态风险评价概念及其组分进行了科学界定,并从风险源与驱动力、风险受体与评价终点、综合评价等视角详细阐释了目前海岸带生态风险评价研究的相关主题、发展脉络和主要论点;在分析海岸带生态风险评价的特征、已有模型和方法的基础上,解析了海岸带生态风险评价的理论架构。最后分析现有研究的不足,展望未来研究趋向,为今后海岸带生态风险评价研究提供思路与参考。

关键词: 生态风险评价, 研究进展, 海岸带

Coastal areas are located in marine-terrestrial interlaced zone. With their unique geographical positions, the coastal ecological risk assessment has both the complexity of regional ecological risk assessment and its own particularity. In recent years, due to the coastal economic development and the deterioration of ecological environment, coastal ecological risk has received more and more attention, but there are still lacking in further systematic study about the coastal ecological risk assessment. With the summary and analysis of the existing research results from home and abroad, based on land-ocean interaction plan and full consideration of the uniqueness, regionalism and complexity of the coastal zone environment, this paper made scientific conclusion on the definition of the coastal ecological risk assessment concept and its components from risk source, habitat and risk suffer-the three basic elements. Moreover, from risk source, risk suffer and comprehensive evaluation-the three aspects, it discussed in detail the related research topics, progress as well as main conclusions. Then, it analysed the characteristics and evaluation methods, and put forward the framework model of coastal ecological risk assessment. Finally, it analysed and proposed the existing deficiencies and future research direction, providing new ideas for future research on coastal ecological risk assessment.

Key words: Ecological risk assessment, Research progress and prospect, Coastal areas.

中图分类号:

P748

图1 陆域—海岸带—海洋生态系统相互耦合关系

Fig.1 The interconnection relationship between land-coastal-marine ecosystems

图2 海岸带生态风险系统的结构体系及其相互作用关系(修改自参考文献[8])

Fig.2 Structure system and interaction relationship of coastal ecological risk system(modified after reference[8])

表1 海岸带生态风险源类型与特点

Table 1 Type and characteristic of coastal ecological risk source

风险源类别		具体类型	特点
自然灾害	突发型	地震海啸、热带风暴(台风)、海冰、风暴海浪、海雾、风暴潮等	有偶然性、小概率和高强度的特点,一般持续时间短,突然直接,危害较大,易突变,不易控制
自然灾害	缓发型	海平面上升、海岸侵蚀、海咸水入侵、赤潮绿潮等	初期作用不明显,持续时间长、渐进间接,具有累积效应,灾害一旦形成,很难在短期内恢复,并且与人类活动联系紧密
人类活动	缓发型	污染排放、城市化、海水养殖、海岸工程建设等	初期作用不明显,持续时间长、渐进间接,具有累积效应,灾害一旦形成,很难在短期内恢复,并且与人类活动联系紧密
人类活动	突发型	溢油漏油、化学品泄漏、核辐射等	与突发型自然灾害相似,不同的是危害作用范围小,可通过相关技术和手段进行预防和控制

表1 海岸带生态风险源类型与特点

Table 1 Type and characteristic of coastal ecological risk source

风险源类别		具体类型	特点
自然灾害	突发型	地震海啸、热带风暴(台风)、海冰、风暴海浪、海雾、风暴潮等	有偶然性、小概率和高强度的特点,一般持续时间短,突然直接,危害较大,易突变,不易控制
自然灾害	缓发型	海平面上升、海岸侵蚀、海咸水入侵、赤潮绿潮等	初期作用不明显,持续时间长、渐进间接,具有累积效应,灾害一旦形成,很难在短期内恢复,并且与人类活动联系紧密
人类活动	缓发型	污染排放、城市化、海水养殖、海岸工程建设等	初期作用不明显,持续时间长、渐进间接,具有累积效应,灾害一旦形成,很难在短期内恢复,并且与人类活动联系紧密
人类活动	突发型	溢油漏油、化学品泄漏、核辐射等	与突发型自然灾害相似,不同的是危害作用范围小,可通过相关技术和手段进行预防和控制

表2 海岸带生态风险评价模型与方法

Table 2 The model and method of coastal ecological risk assessment

模型与方法	方法描述	优点与缺点分析
潜在生态风险指数法	划分沉积物污染程度及其水域潜在生态风险的一种方法^{[ 25 ]},考虑了沉积物中重金属的毒性、迁移转化规律及评价区域对重金属污染的敏感性,且通过实测数据与其工业化前自然背景值比较,测定沉积物污染程度,并结合污染物的毒性响应参数计算得到潜在生态风险指数	无法反映污染物的浓度与被污染受体效应之间的关系,不能计算生态环境受到污染或损伤的范围
暴露—反应法	依据受体在不同剂量化学污染物的暴露条件下产生的反应,建立暴露—反应曲线或模型,再根据暴露—反应曲线,估计受体处于某种暴露浓度下产生的效应,可能是物种的死亡率、产量的变化、再生潜力变化等的一种或数种^{[ 55 ]}	现实环境中很难获得足够量的与实际情况更为接近的慢性毒理数据
相对风险评价模型	着重将多重风险源、多重压力、多种生境和综合生态影响联系起来,通过分析风险源、生境与评价终点之间的相互关系引入风险源与生境、生境与评价终点之间的暴露“系数”、效应“系数”,设置等级标准对风险源、生境、评价终点的相对风险值得分进行计算,量化风险源与生态终点之间的效应关系^{[ 56 ]}	该模型是一种相对的评价方法,评价标准难确定,验证需要大量数据
景观分析法	从景观格局—功能—过程出发,以景观类型作为评价受体,综合多重生态风险源,从景观干扰度指数和景观脆弱度指数方面构建景观生态风险模型,对生态风险分布和演化过程进行定量分析和评估,着重分析人为干扰活动对生态系统造成的潜在风险或已经造成的风险结果	未考虑化学污染物造成的风险;遥感图像空间分辨率对计算结果产生一定影响
数学概率模型	运用函数关系式将风险的发生概率及其生态系统潜在风险损失度的风险复合表征模型具体化,根据研究需要不同,采用加权叠加、主成分分析等方法,针对相应的自然生态、灾害和社会经济数据,建立指标体系,对不同类型和等级的生态风险做出评价^{[ 57 ]},能够较好地反映危害事件和生态终点的相互关联	模型参数的确定具有主观性,缺乏对不确定性的有效检验手段

表2 海岸带生态风险评价模型与方法

Table 2 The model and method of coastal ecological risk assessment

模型与方法	方法描述	优点与缺点分析
潜在生态风险指数法	划分沉积物污染程度及其水域潜在生态风险的一种方法^{[ 25 ]},考虑了沉积物中重金属的毒性、迁移转化规律及评价区域对重金属污染的敏感性,且通过实测数据与其工业化前自然背景值比较,测定沉积物污染程度,并结合污染物的毒性响应参数计算得到潜在生态风险指数	无法反映污染物的浓度与被污染受体效应之间的关系,不能计算生态环境受到污染或损伤的范围
暴露—反应法	依据受体在不同剂量化学污染物的暴露条件下产生的反应,建立暴露—反应曲线或模型,再根据暴露—反应曲线,估计受体处于某种暴露浓度下产生的效应,可能是物种的死亡率、产量的变化、再生潜力变化等的一种或数种^{[ 55 ]}	现实环境中很难获得足够量的与实际情况更为接近的慢性毒理数据
相对风险评价模型	着重将多重风险源、多重压力、多种生境和综合生态影响联系起来,通过分析风险源、生境与评价终点之间的相互关系引入风险源与生境、生境与评价终点之间的暴露“系数”、效应“系数”,设置等级标准对风险源、生境、评价终点的相对风险值得分进行计算,量化风险源与生态终点之间的效应关系^{[ 56 ]}	该模型是一种相对的评价方法,评价标准难确定,验证需要大量数据
景观分析法	从景观格局—功能—过程出发,以景观类型作为评价受体,综合多重生态风险源,从景观干扰度指数和景观脆弱度指数方面构建景观生态风险模型,对生态风险分布和演化过程进行定量分析和评估,着重分析人为干扰活动对生态系统造成的潜在风险或已经造成的风险结果	未考虑化学污染物造成的风险;遥感图像空间分辨率对计算结果产生一定影响
数学概率模型	运用函数关系式将风险的发生概率及其生态系统潜在风险损失度的风险复合表征模型具体化,根据研究需要不同,采用加权叠加、主成分分析等方法,针对相应的自然生态、灾害和社会经济数据,建立指标体系,对不同类型和等级的生态风险做出评价^{[ 57 ]},能够较好地反映危害事件和生态终点的相互关联	模型参数的确定具有主观性,缺乏对不确定性的有效检验手段

图3 海岸带生态风险研究框架

Fig.3 The research framework of coastal ecological risk assessment

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