基于生态工程的海岸带全球变化适应性防护策略

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2015.09.0996

在全球变化导致的海平面上升和灾害性气候等压力下,我国海岸带风暴潮、海岸侵蚀、地面沉降等灾害发生频率和强度正在增加,对海岸防护体系的需求日益提高。传统海岸防护工程维护成本高,更新困难,而且可能造成地面沉降、水质恶化、生态退化、渔业资源衰退等后果。基于生态工程的海岸防护提供了抵御海岸带灾害的新理念。修复和重建沙滩、红树林、沼泽湿地、珊瑚礁等海岸带生态系统,可以起到消浪、蓄积泥沙、抬升地面的作用,有效应对全球变化引发的灾害风险,形成更可持续的海岸防护体系。通过分析不同海岸防护技术的优势和限制,认为以生态工程为核心理念构建和管理我国海岸防护体系,才能起到保障社会经济发展和维持生态健康的最佳效果。

关键词: 生态工程, 海岸防护, 海岸带灾害, 海平面上升

Under the pressure of sea level rise and disastrous weather caused by global change, frequency and intensity of coastal hazards such as storm surge, coast erosion, and land subsidence are increasing in China, which requires enhancement of national coastal defense system. Conventional engineering practices of coastal protection are associated with high construction and maintenance cost and difficult to upgrade. Engineering structures have caused severe problems such as land subsidence, water pollution, ecological degradation, and loss of habitats. Ecological engineering based coastal defense provides a new paradigm for protecting coastal communities from natural hazards. Restoration and recovery of coastal ecosystems including beaches, mangroves, salt marshes, and coral reefs provide more sustainable and more cost-effective coastal defense system with tremendous additional ecosystem services. Restoration of vegetation can reduce wave energy, accrete sediment and lift up land surface, which provide adaptation to the hazard risk resulted from sea level rise. Through analyzing the advantages and limits of various types of coastal defense technologies, we argue that ecological engineering should be regarded as a core concept in the construction and management of coastal defense system to achieve optimal operation of socio-economic development and ecosystem conservation.

Key words: Ecological engineering, Shore protection, Coastal hazard, Sea level rise.

中图分类号:

P748

图1

传统海岸防护工程的环境和生态效应

Fig.1 Environmental and ecological impacts of conventional coastal engineering

图2

沙质海岸防护的传统工程和生态工程设计(根据参考文献[ 11 ]修改)

Fig.2 Conventional and ecological engineering design for sandy shore protection (modified after reference [ 11 ])

表1 海岸生态系统各植被类型的泥沙蓄积和地面上升速度(根据参考文献[ 12 ]修改)

Table 1 Sediment accretion and elevation rates in vegetated coastal ecosystems (modified after reference [ 12 ])

植被类型	泥沙蓄积速度 (mm/a)					地面上升速度(mm/a)
植被类型	范围	平均	中位数	标准差	样本数	范围	平均	中位数	标准差	样本数
盐生湿地	0.39~61.1	6.73	5.5	0.7	98	-6.92~25	3.76	2.01	1.33	22
红树林	0.34~20.8	5.47	4.5	0.38	123	-9.5~11.3	1.87	1.4	0.53	58
海草床	0.61~6	2.02	1.48	0.44	12	-5.2~10.2	-0.08	-5.17	5.14	3

表1 海岸生态系统各植被类型的泥沙蓄积和地面上升速度(根据参考文献[ 12 ]修改)

Table 1 Sediment accretion and elevation rates in vegetated coastal ecosystems (modified after reference [ 12 ])

植被类型	泥沙蓄积速度 (mm/a)					地面上升速度(mm/a)
植被类型	范围	平均	中位数	标准差	样本数	范围	平均	中位数	标准差	样本数
盐生湿地	0.39~61.1	6.73	5.5	0.7	98	-6.92~25	3.76	2.01	1.33	22
红树林	0.34~20.8	5.47	4.5	0.38	123	-9.5~11.3	1.87	1.4	0.53	58
海草床	0.61~6	2.02	1.48	0.44	12	-5.2~10.2	-0.08	-5.17	5.14	3

图3 泥质海岸防护的传统工程和生态工程设计(根据参考文献[ 11 ]修改)

Fig.3 Conventional and ecological engineering design for shore protection (modified after reference [ 11 ])

图4 珊瑚礁消波能力(根据参考文献[ 47 ]修改)

Fig.4 Wave attenuation capability of coral reef (modified after reference [ 47 ])

图5 基于生态工程理念的海岸带适应性防护策略(根据参考文献[ 13 ]修改)

Fig.5 Adaptive coastal defense strategy based on concept of ecological engineering (modified after reference [ 13 ])

表2 传统工程和生态工程海岸防护技术的效果与限制比较 (根据参考文献[ 11 ]修改)

Table 2 Potential and limitations of conventional compared with ecosystem-based coastal defense (modified after reference [ 11 ])

受影响变量	传统海岸工程	生态海岸工程
自然栖息地	破坏或退化	保护或恢复
泥沙沉积	停止或扰动（筑堤、筑坝等）,加剧海岸侵蚀	保持
地面沉降	恶化（湿地围填、土壤排水、地下水和油气开采）	因泥沙沉降而减轻
风暴潮	河口三角洲湿地围填减少蓄水和能量耗散,导致风暴潮灾害上升	湿地恢复增强风暴潮灾害抵御能力
长期可持续性	长期固定维护费用高	生态系统可以自我维持
成本-效益	中到高	设计和建设复杂,附加效益高
水质功能	堤坝建设可能导致水体交换能力下降,污染物积累和富营养化	湿地可以净化污水,改善水质
碳储存功能	无	红树林和沼泽是重要的碳库
渔业和养殖	栖息地破坏导致渔业和养殖资源衰退	湿地和渔礁改善渔业种群栖息地
休闲功能	人工景观	自然景观
空间需求	中等	用地量大,在土地成本高的城市区域不适用
工程施工难度	中等	要求很高,需对本地自然状况和生态过程有深入了解
现有实施经验	大量成功经验和失败教训	较少,仍需要深入研究
社会接受程度	广泛接受	仅在少数发达地区被接受
防护效果	工程设计标准	缺乏评判标准
适应区域	适应多数海岸类型	需要根据不同海岸类型针对性设计
健康风险	无	湿地滞水可能导致蚊子等病菌载体生长

表2 传统工程和生态工程海岸防护技术的效果与限制比较 (根据参考文献[ 11 ]修改)

Table 2 Potential and limitations of conventional compared with ecosystem-based coastal defense (modified after reference [ 11 ])

受影响变量	传统海岸工程	生态海岸工程
自然栖息地	破坏或退化	保护或恢复
泥沙沉积	停止或扰动（筑堤、筑坝等）,加剧海岸侵蚀	保持
地面沉降	恶化（湿地围填、土壤排水、地下水和油气开采）	因泥沙沉降而减轻
风暴潮	河口三角洲湿地围填减少蓄水和能量耗散,导致风暴潮灾害上升	湿地恢复增强风暴潮灾害抵御能力
长期可持续性	长期固定维护费用高	生态系统可以自我维持
成本-效益	中到高	设计和建设复杂,附加效益高
水质功能	堤坝建设可能导致水体交换能力下降,污染物积累和富营养化	湿地可以净化污水,改善水质
碳储存功能	无	红树林和沼泽是重要的碳库
渔业和养殖	栖息地破坏导致渔业和养殖资源衰退	湿地和渔礁改善渔业种群栖息地
休闲功能	人工景观	自然景观
空间需求	中等	用地量大,在土地成本高的城市区域不适用
工程施工难度	中等	要求很高,需对本地自然状况和生态过程有深入了解
现有实施经验	大量成功经验和失败教训	较少,仍需要深入研究
社会接受程度	广泛接受	仅在少数发达地区被接受
防护效果	工程设计标准	缺乏评判标准
适应区域	适应多数海岸类型	需要根据不同海岸类型针对性设计
健康风险	无	湿地滞水可能导致蚊子等病菌载体生长

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Ecological Engineering Based Adaptive Coastal Defense Strategy to Global Change