河流溶解硅的生物地球化学循环研究综述

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2015.01.0050

河流溶解硅（DSi）承载着陆地表生过程的环境信息, 其输入、迁移、转化和输出受多种因素制约。在全球硅酸盐岩风化过程中, 31.53%~64.87%的DSi被陆地植被吸收, 仅12.91%迁移至河流, 在向海洋输送过程中, 河流DSi又受到水生生物吸收、逆风化作用及“人造湖效应”等因素的影响, 输出量进一步减少, 弱化了海洋系统的“生物泵”作用;不多的研究表明全球河流DSi浓度变化介于138~218 μmol/L之间, 空间差异显著, 有必要量化各影响因素的贡献, 建立多因素控制的河流DSi输出通量模型;与地壳主要硅酸盐岩的δ³⁰Si值（约为-0.5‰）相比, 全球河流DSi的δ³⁰Si值变化范围较大（介于-0.2‰~3.4‰之间）且显著正偏, 分馏系数达0.3‰~3.9‰。这是由于流域内Si同位素的无机分馏和有机分馏2种动力分馏过程所导致。因此, 探讨河流DSi来源、迁移及转化机制是未来深入研究河流DSi循环的关键问题。

关键词: 河流溶解硅, 硅稳定同位素组成, 硅循环, 化学风化

The riverine dissolved silicon (DSi) brings environmental information on biogeochemical processes of terrestrial surface, of which the input, transferring, transformation and output are influenced by many factors. Among the weathering of global silicate rocks, 31.53%~64.87% of DSi are intercepted by terrestrial vegetation and only about 12.9% are transferred into rivers. During being transported into ocean, riverine DSi gets impacts from aquatic biological absorption, reverse weathering process and artificial lake effect. The quantity of output is further reduced, which weakens the effect of the oceanic biological pump. According to limited data, the DSi concentration of global rivers has a large variation, ranging from 138 μmol/L to 218μmol/L. It is necessary to quantify contribution rates of influencing factors and establish output models controlled by multiple factors. The δ³⁰Si of riverine DSi ranges from -0.2‰ to 3.4‰. Comparing with the δ³⁰Si of silicate rock, which is about -0.5‰, the fractionation factor is significantly partial to positive from 0.3‰ to 3.9‰. That is because of the occurrence of kinetic fractionation process in river basin including inorganic and organic fractionation. Thus, the key problems, sources and transformation mechanisms of riverine DSi during migration and being transported should be solved in future.

Key words: Riverine dissolved silicon, Silicon stable isotopic composition, Silicon cycle, Chemical weathering.

中图分类号:

P736.3

图1 地球表层DSi的循环

Fig.1 Dissolved silicon cycle of the earth’s surface

表1 全球河流DSi迁移率估算

Table1 Calculation of migration rate of DSi in global rivers

元素含量	Na	K	Ca	Si	Si迁移率（据公式(1)）	Si迁移率（据公式(2)）
全球硅酸盐岩地区河流平均值(μmol/L)^{[ 5 ]}	98	20	34	127	11.67%	14.14%
花岗岩元素含量(%)^{[ 1 ]}	2.74	1.76	1.07	34.25	11.67%	14.14%

表1 全球河流DSi迁移率估算

Table1 Calculation of migration rate of DSi in global rivers

元素含量	Na	K	Ca	Si	Si迁移率（据公式(1)）	Si迁移率（据公式(2)）
全球硅酸盐岩地区河流平均值(μmol/L)^{[ 5 ]}	98	20	34	127	11.67%	14.14%
花岗岩元素含量(%)^{[ 1 ]}	2.74	1.76	1.07	34.25	11.67%	14.14%

表2 世界部分河流的 δ ³⁰Si

Tab.2 The δ ³⁰Si of several rivers in the world

河流	δ³⁰Si	河口δ³⁰Si	测试精度	文献
亚马逊	0.6‰~0.9‰		±0.1‰	^{[ 71 ]}
刚果河	0.4‰~0.8‰
尼日尔河	1.2‰
萨克拉曼多	1.2‰
罗克溪	0.5‰
长江	0.7‰~3.4‰	3.0‰	±0.1‰	^{[ 76 ]}
冰岛地区20条河流	-0.08‰~1.46‰ 均值0.63‰		±0.14‰	^{[ 29 ]}
黄河	-0.2‰~2.1‰	1.1‰	±0.1‰	^{[ 83 ]}
刚果河	0.69‰~1.89‰		±0.07‰	^{[ 84 ]}
塔纳河	0.69‰~2.23‰ 均值0.96±0.27‰	2‰	±0.07‰	^{[ 53 ]}
亚马逊	-0.01‰~2.28‰	0.92‰	±0.14‰	^{[ 30 ]}

表2 世界部分河流的 δ ³⁰Si

Tab.2 The δ ³⁰Si of several rivers in the world

河流	δ³⁰Si	河口δ³⁰Si	测试精度	文献
亚马逊	0.6‰~0.9‰		±0.1‰	^{[ 71 ]}
刚果河	0.4‰~0.8‰
尼日尔河	1.2‰
萨克拉曼多	1.2‰
罗克溪	0.5‰
长江	0.7‰~3.4‰	3.0‰	±0.1‰	^{[ 76 ]}
冰岛地区20条河流	-0.08‰~1.46‰ 均值0.63‰		±0.14‰	^{[ 29 ]}
黄河	-0.2‰~2.1‰	1.1‰	±0.1‰	^{[ 83 ]}
刚果河	0.69‰~1.89‰		±0.07‰	^{[ 84 ]}
塔纳河	0.69‰~2.23‰ 均值0.96±0.27‰	2‰	±0.07‰	^{[ 53 ]}
亚马逊	-0.01‰~2.28‰	0.92‰	±0.14‰	^{[ 30 ]}

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A Review of the Biogeochemical Cycles of Dissolved Silicon in Rivers