地球科学进展

地球科学进展 ›› 2014, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (8): 875 -889. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2014.08.0875

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土壤风蚀模型中的影响因子分类与表达
邹学勇 1, 2( ), 张春来 1, 2, 程宏 1, 2, 亢力强 1, 2, 吴晓旭 3, 常春平 4, 王周龙 5, 张峰 1, 李继峰 1, 刘辰琛 1, 刘博 1, 田金鹭 1   
  1. 1．北京师范大学地表过程与资源生态国家重点实验室, 北京100875
    2．北京师范大学防沙治沙教育部工程研究中心, 北京100875
    3．北京师范大学全球变化与地球系统科学研究院, 北京100875
    4．河北师范大学资源与环境科学学院, 河北石家庄050016
    5．鲁东大学地理与规划学院, 山东烟台264025
  • 收稿日期:2014-05-16 修回日期:2014-07-21 出版日期:2014-09-16
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金重点项目“土壤风蚀影响因子参数化”(编号:41330746)资助

Classification and Representation of Factors Affecting Soil Wind Erosion in a Model

Xueyong Zou 1, 2( ), Chunlai Zhang 1, 2, Hong Cheng 1, 2, LIqiang Kang 1, 2, Xiaoxu Wu 3, Chunping Chang 4, Zhoulong Wang 5, Feng Zhang 1, Jifeng Li 1, Chengchen Liu 1, Bo Liu 1, Jinlu Tian 1   

  1. 1. State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
    2. MOE Engineering Research Center of Desertification and Blown-sand Control, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
    3.College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
    4. College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
    5. College of Geography and Planning, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
  • Received:2014-05-16 Revised:2014-07-21 Online:2014-09-16 Published:2014-09-17
全文 ( 18 ) 下载PDF ( 2332 )

土壤风蚀是包括风、植被、土壤特性、土地利用方式、降水、微地形等多要素交互作用, 发生在特定地理空间, 具有独特的气流—土壤界面相互作用机制的连续动力学过程。基于统计学理论的土壤风蚀经验模型, 不仅难以避免子模型之间有多个风蚀影响要素的交叉出现, 使子模型之间不能严格地相互独立, 导致建模理论基础存在不足, 而且不能客观反映土壤风蚀的动力学过程。在厘清土壤风蚀基本概念, 分析国际土壤风蚀影响因子和土壤风蚀模型研究历史与存在不足的基础上, 提出一个新的基于风蚀动力学理论的土壤风蚀模型理论框架, 以及在此模型框架下土壤风蚀影响因子的分类与表达。阐述了该模型框架和影响因子分类与表达的合理性, 并对土壤风蚀影响因子分类与表达的研究途径进行了探讨。

关键词: 土壤风蚀模型, 风蚀动力学, 土壤风蚀影响因子, 因子分类, 因子表达

Soil erosion is an interaction of multi factors including wind, vegetation, soil characteristics, land use, precipitation, micro-geomorphology and so on. It is a continuous dynamic process occurring on airflow-soil interface in the specific geographical locations. Soil erosion empirical model, based on statistic theory, is difficult to avoid overlap of some factors affecting soil wind erosion between sub-models and not enable sub-models to be strictly independent from each other, thereby leading to lack of theoretical basis for modeling. Such empirical model is also not able to objectively reflect dynamic process of soil erosion. On the basis of clarifying basic concepts of soil erosion and analyzing the global research background and inadequacy, we proposed a new theoretical framework for soil erosion models based on wind erosion dynamics theory and the classification as well as representation of factors affecting soil wind erosion under the framework. We also elaborated the rationality of both the framework and the classification as well as the representation of factors affecting soil wind erosion, and further explored the research approaches on the latter.

Key words: Soil wind erosion model, Dynamics of wind erosion, Factors affecting soil wind erosion, Classification of factors, Representation of factors.

中图分类号: 

图1 RWEQ模型结构（根据参考文献[18]总结）
Fig. 1 The structure of RWEQ (Summarized from literature [18])
图2 WEPS模型结构 [ 19 ]
Fig. 2 The structure of WEPS [ 19 ]
图3 DMSWE模型的层次
Fig. 3 The hierarchies of DMSWE
图4 DMSWE模型结构
Fig. 4 The structure of DMSWE
表1 土壤风蚀影响因子分类
Table 1 Classification of factors affecting soil wind erosion
风蚀影响因子 因子特性 风蚀影响要素 要素属性和力学特性
风力侵蚀因子 地表以上空间的气流特性, 反映风对表土产生的侵蚀力, 是土壤风蚀的原动力, 用剪切力表达。 风速（m/s）、风向（°）、湍流（%）、空气密度（kg/m3）、空气黏度（N·s/m2）。 描述风力侵蚀因子特性, 决定风力侵蚀力强弱的关键要素。
粗糙干扰因子 介于气流与表土之间的粗糙元对风力侵蚀力的干扰特性, 反映地表粗糙元对风力侵蚀力的削弱程度, 是阻碍土壤风蚀的重要因子, 用粗糙元分担的剪应力表达。 植被/留茬覆盖（%）、植被/留茬平均高度（m）、平铺残余物覆盖（%）、平铺残余物质量（kg/m2）、土垄高度和间距（m）、地形起度（%）、砾石覆盖（%）、土块覆盖（%）、土块尺寸（m）、空气动力学粗糙度（m）。 描述粗糙元形态及其与气流相互作用, 决定粗糙干扰因子削弱风力侵蚀力作用能力的关键要素。
土壤抗蚀因子 表土理化性质决定的风蚀难易程度特性, 反映表土抵抗风蚀的能力, 是阻碍土壤风蚀的关键因子, 用土壤表面分担的剪应力表达。 土壤比重（kg/m3）、土壤颗粒尺寸分布（m）、盐分质量含量（%）、有机质质量含量（%）、土壤水分质量含量（%）、土块密度（kg/m3）、植物根系密度（m/m3）、pH值（无量纲）、结皮覆盖（%）。 描述表土理化特性和植物根系对土壤颗粒的固结作用, 决定表土抵抗风力侵蚀力能力的关键要素。
图5 地表粗糙元造成的近地层风速廓线变化
Fig. 5 Wind profile changed by roughness elements
图6 τ和 τsa的差异
Fig. 6 The difference between τ and τsa
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