内陆河流域山区水文与生态研究

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2008.07.0675

以河西走廊黑河干流山区流域为例，从山区水文循环、水文与生态系统以及径流形成和预测等方面讨论山区流域水文和生态相互作用研究的有关问题。山区降水的空间和时间分布规律和固态、液态降水组成变化主要受制于海拔和地形的影响，而不同海拔和地形条件下的下垫面不同土地覆被和复杂的空间异质性则主要影响蒸散发量。对内陆河山区流域的水文小循环的研究，有助于进一步研究和认识内陆河流域上、中、下游水文和生态系统的相互联系问题。至今，对山区水文过程与生态系统的相互作用问题的研究还非常薄弱，需要研究山区森林草地生态系统在山区水文循环中的作用以及在维持和保护山区生态和环境中的作用和意义。内陆河流域山区水文过程复杂而综合性强，须加强对山区径流形成机理的多学科交叉研究，不断改善出山径流对气候变化和人类活动响应过程的模拟和预测水平。

关键词: 内陆河流域, 山区, 水文循环, 水文过程, 生态系统, 响应和预测

Taking the mountain watershed at the upper stream of the Heihe River in the Hexi Corridor area in northwest China as an example, some problems with relation to hydrological and ecological researches are discussed from the aspects of mountain hydrological cycle, hydrology and ecosystems, runoff generation and prediction. The spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation and its composition of solid and liquid form are mainly influenced by elevation and topography in the mountains, while evapotranspiration is mainly influenced by various land cover and heterogeneity of underlying surfaces under different elevation and topographic conditions.
The basic characteristics of hydrological cycle and water balance of an inland river basin rest with the fact that the runoff does not run out off from the basin, and the normal annual precipitation and evapotranspiration are equal, forming the local hydrological cycle system: water vapor transportation→precipitation→runoff→evapotranspiration→water vapor transporation. The investigation of this local hydrological cycle redounds to the understanding of the interrelationship of hydrological and ecological processes between the areas at the upper, middle and lower streams of an inland river.
As yet the researches are very inadequate on mountain hydrological and ecological processes and their interactions. In the mountain glaciers, snow and permafrost zone, the researches should be put on the hydrological conditions to maintain the alpine meadow growing. In the mountain vegetation zone, the ecosystems of mountain forest and grass land should be studied on for their functions in the mountain hydrological cycle and for their role in maintaining and protecting the mountain ecosystems and environment. In this way, we can understand as a whole the interactions between hydrological processes and ecosystems and their environmental significance.
The hydrological processes of an inland river basin are very complex, multidisciplinary and comprehensive. The measurements and researches should be strengthened on the various hydrological processes to understand the mechanism of the mountain runoff generation. In this aspect, ground measurements and remote sensing monitoring are mutual compensatory. Based on this, the physical distributed hydrological models should be developed to reflect the complex mountain hydrological processes. In order to bring the measured data into play fully in the simulation, the mountain hydrological data assimilation system should be developed to form the hydrological modeling system. Furthermore, the researches on and developing of the coupled regional atmospheric and hydrologic models should be carried out in the mountain watershed scale. In this way, the incessant improvements of the response simulation and modeling prediction of mountain runoff change will be achieved under the climate change and human activities.

Key words: Inland river basin, Mountain area, Hydrological cycle, Hydrological processes, Ecosystems, Response and prediction.

中图分类号:

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摘要

Some Problems Facing Hydrological and Ecological Researches in the Mountain Watershed at the Upper Stream of An Inland River Basin