[1] Smith S D , Muench R D, Pease C H. Polynyas and leads: An overview of physical processes and environment[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1990, 95(C6): 9 461-9 479.
[2] Maqueda M A M, Willmott A J, Biggs N R T. Polynya dynamics: A review of observations and modeling[J]. Review of Geophysics, 2004, 42, RG1004, doi:10.1029/2002RG000116.
[3] Smedsrud L H, Budgell W P, Jenkins A D, et al. Fine-scale sea-ice modelling of the Storfjorden polynya, Svalbard[J].Annals of Glaciology,2006, 44: 1-7.
[4] Aagaard K, Coachman L K, Carmack E C. On the halocline of the Arctic Ocean[J].Deep-Sea Research,1981, 28: 529-545.
[5] Cavalieri D J, Martin S. The contribution of Alaskan, Siberian, and Canadian coastal polynyas to the cold halocline layer of the Arctic Ocean[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1994, 99(C9): 18 343-18 362.
[6] Winsor P, Bjork G. Polynya activity in the Arctic Ocean from 1958 to 1997[J].Journal of Geophysical Research, 2000,105(C4): 8 789-8 803.
[7] Schauer U. The release of brine-enriched shelf water from Storfjord into the Norwegian sea[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1995,100:16 015-16 028.
[8] Schauer U, Fahrbach E. A dense bottom water plume in the western Barents sea: Downstream modification and interannual variability[J].Deep Sea Research, 1999,46:2 095-2 108.
[9] McNutt L. Remote sensing analysis of ice growth and distribution in the eastern Bering sea[M]//Hood D W, Calder J A, eds. The eastern Bering sea shelf Oceanography and resources. Washington DC:Office of Marine Pollution, US National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration,1981,1:141-165.
[10] Niebauer H J, Bond N A, Yakunin L P, et al. An Update on the Climatology and Sea Ice of the Bering Sea[M]//Loughlin T R, K Ohtani, eds. Dynamics of the Bering Sea. Alaska, Fairbanks: University of Alaska Sea Grant, 1999: 33-34.
[11] Schumacher J D, Aagaard K, Pease C H, et al. Effects of a shelf polynya on flow and water properties in the northern Bering sea[J].Journal of Geophysical Research, 1983, 88(C5):2 723-2 732.
[12] Overland J E, Roach A T. Northward flow in the Bering and Chukchi seas[J].Journal of Geophysical Research, 1987, 92:7 097-7 105.
[13] Konyukhov, N.B. Wintering seabirds on Sirenikovskaya polynya (in Russian)[M]//Litvinenko,ed. Izuchenie morskikh kolonialnykh ptits v SSSR (Study of colonial seabirds in the USSR). N.M: Institute for Biological Problems of the North, Far East Branch, USSR Academy of Sciences, Magadan, 1990: 36-39.
[14] Fay F H , Cade T J. An ecological analysis of the avifauna of St. Lawrence Island, Alaska[J].University of California Publication in Zoology, 1959, 63(2):73-150.
[15] Lubin D, Massom R A. Polar Remote Sensing[M]. England: Atmosphere and Polar Oceans, Praxis/Springer, Chichester,2005:426.
[16] Stringer W J, Groves J E. Location and areal extent of polynyas in the Bering and Chukchi seas[J].Arctic, 1991, 44(suppl.1): 164-171.
[17] Markus T,Burns B A. A method to estimate subpixel-scale coastal polynyas with satellite passive microwave data[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1995,100: 4 473-4 487.
[18] Barber D G , Massom R A. The role of sea ice in Arctic and Antarctic polynyas[M]//Smith W O Jr, Barber D G, eds. Polynyas: Windows to the World. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2007, 74(1):42-43.
[19] Pease C H. The size of wind-driven coastal polynyas[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1987, 92:7 049-7 059.
[20] Willmott A J, Holland D M, Maqueda M A M. Polynya Modelling[M]//Smith W O Jr, Barber D G, eds.Polynyas: Windows to the World. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2007.
[21] Hunke E C, Lipscomb W H. CICE: The Los Alamos Sea Ice Model, Documentation and Software User′s Manual[R]. T-3 Fluid Dynamics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Technical Report LA-CC-98-16 v.3.14, 2006. 
[22] Bitz C M , Lipscomb W H. An energy-conserving thermodynamic model of sea ice[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1999, 104(15): 15 669-15 677.
[23] Hunke E C , Dukowicz J K. An Elastic-Viscous-Plastic model for sea ice dynamics[J].Journal of Physical Oceanography,1997, 27(9):1 849-1 867.
[24] Hunke E C , Dukowicz J K. The Elastic-Viscous-Plastic sea ice dynamics model in general orthogonal curvilinear coordinates on a sphere-incorporation of metric terms[J].Monthly Weather Review, 2002, 130(7): 1 848-1 865.
[25] Lipscomb W H, Hunke E C. Modeling sea ice transport using incremental remapping[J].Monthly Weather Review,2004, 132(6):1 341-1 355.
[26] Thorndike A S, Rothrock D A , Maykut G A , et al.The thickness distribution of sea ice[J].Journal of Geophysical Research, 1975,80(33): 4 501-4 513.
[27] Bitz C M, Holland M M, Weaver A J, et al. Simulating the ice-thickness distribution in a coupled climate model[J].Journal of Geophysical Research, 2001,106(C2): 2 441-2 463.
[28] Lipscomb W H. Remapping the thickness distribution in sea ice models[J].Journal of Geophysical Research, 2001, 106(C7): 13 989-14 000.
[29] Large W, Yeager S. Diurnal to decadal global forcing for ocean and sea-ice models: The data sets and flux climatologies[R].Technical Note: NCAR/TN-460+STR, CGD Division of the National Center for Atmospheric Research,Boulder, Colo. 2004.
[30] World Meteorological Organization (WMO). WMO sea-ice nomenclature[R]. Geneva, World Meteorological Organization.(WMO-No. 259,TP.145 ed.)
[31] Lynch A H, Gluek M F, Chapman W L, et al.Walsh J. Satellite observation and climate system model simulation of the St. Lawrence Island Polynya[J].Tellus, 1997,49:277-297.
[32] Drucker R, Martin S, Moritz R. Observations of ice thickness and frazil ice in the St. Lawrence Island polynya from satellite imagery, upward looking sonar, and salinity/temperature moorings[J].Journal of Geophysical Research, 2003, 108(C5): 3149. doi:10.1029/2001JC001213.
[33] Massom R A, Harris P T, Michael K J, et al. The distribution and formative processes of latent-heat polynyas in East Antarctica[Z]. Annals of  Glaciology,1998,27:420-426.