风沙地貌形态动力学研究进展

风沙地貌是广泛分布于干旱、半干旱,甚至部分湿润地区,由风力作用形成的一种地貌类型。风沙地貌学是研究在风力作用下物质运动形成的地表形态特征、空间组合规律及其形成演变的科学,是地貌学中以风为外营力形成的地貌为对象的分支学科。风是风沙地貌学研究的基础,其贯穿整个风沙地貌学研究。风况决定了风沙地貌的形态特征、空间组合特征和演化过程,同时,沙丘表面气流和风沙流控制沙丘的形态演化过程和移动过程。风沙地貌经过100多年的发展,在沙丘形态特征、动力学过程等方面取得了长足发展。从风沙地貌观测方法、分析方法和形态动力学角度出发,总结了近年来风沙地貌形态、形成风况以及动力学方面的研究进展。随着新技术的发展,全站仪、三维地形扫描仪等新的形态观测设备开始应用于风沙地貌形态测量,使得大范围风沙地貌形态精准测量成为可能,为风沙地貌形态动力学研究提供精确的地形特征资料。同时,三维超声风速仪等高频风速观测仪器也广泛应用于风沙地貌动力学观测,从而探讨风沙地貌形态—近地层气流的互馈机制。但是,针对具体的分析方法,如风况与沙丘形态的对应关系,近地层气流的分析方法以及形态—气流互馈关系等方面,目前还没有好的解决办法。

关键词: 风沙地貌, 形态动力学, 风况, 气流

Aeolian geomorphology is formed by wind power in arid, semi-arid, and even humid regions. It is the study of the characteristics of land surface patterns, spatial combinations, formation, and development. Wind regime controls aeolian geomorphology patterns, spatial combinations, and development. Near surface air flow and aeolian flow control the development and movement of dunes. Recently, the field has developed rapidly. This paper summarized recent progress in aeolian geomorphology patterns, wind regime, and dune morphodynamics based on aeolian geomorphology observation methods, analysis method and morphodynamics. The new terrain observation techniques, such as Total Station and three dimensional terrain scanner, provided accuracy terrain data for morphodynamics study. Meanwhile, three dimensional sonic sensor measured high frequency field wind velocity data, which gave more information on the relationship between terrain and near surface air flow. However, the analysis method, such as the relationship between wind regime and dune types, high frequency wind velocity data and reciprocal relationship between dune pattern and near surface air flow, is still not solved.

Key words: Aeolian geomorphology, Morphodynamics, Wind regime, Air flow.

中图分类号:

P931.3

图1 沙丘形态与风况的关系（a）沙丘形态类型与风向和沙源供应量之间的关系^{[

89
]};(b) 沙丘形态类型与风向和沙源供应量之间关系的概念模型^{[

85
]}

Fig.1 Relationships between dune patterns and wind regime (a) The relationship between dune types and wind direction variability, equivalent sand thickness^{[

89
]}; (b) The relationship dune type and wind direction variability, sand supple^{[

85
]}

表1 3种常用区域风况分析方法对比

Table 1 The comparison of three general used regional wind regime analysis methods

	总输沙量/最大输沙量	分量输沙量	合成输沙量/分量比例
Fryberger^{[ 6 ]}		,
Rubin^{[ 74 , 76 ]}	是最大输沙量, 是主风向的输沙量, 是次风向的输沙量, 是主次输沙量的比例, 是主风向与沙丘脊线的夹角, 是主次风向的夹角。	, <br/> 是沿沙丘脊线方向的输沙量与总输沙量的比例,无量纲参数。是沙丘脊线走向。是与脊线垂直方向的输沙量与总输沙量的比例,无量纲参数。	<br/> 是不同方向输沙序列的矫直过程（straightening processes）,无量纲参数。
凌裕泉^{[ 77 ]}

表1 3种常用区域风况分析方法对比

Table 1 The comparison of three general used regional wind regime analysis methods

	总输沙量/最大输沙量	分量输沙量	合成输沙量/分量比例
Fryberger^{[ 6 ]}		,
Rubin^{[ 74 , 76 ]}	是最大输沙量, 是主风向的输沙量, 是次风向的输沙量, 是主次输沙量的比例, 是主风向与沙丘脊线的夹角, 是主次风向的夹角。	, <br/> 是沿沙丘脊线方向的输沙量与总输沙量的比例,无量纲参数。是沙丘脊线走向。是与脊线垂直方向的输沙量与总输沙量的比例,无量纲参数。	<br/> 是不同方向输沙序列的矫直过程（straightening processes）,无量纲参数。
凌裕泉^{[ 77 ]}

图2 沙丘形态与风况的关系（a）沙丘形态类型与合成输沙方向之间的关系^{[

88
]};(b)双风向时沙丘走向与2个输沙方向之间的关系^{[

74
]};(c)沙丘形态类型与2个输沙方向、大小之间的关系^{[

90
,

91
,

93
]}

Fig.2 Relationship between dune patterns and wind rgime （a） The relationship between dune types and resultant sand transport direction^{[

88
]}; （b）The relationship between dune crest direction and two sand transport direction for two wind direction^{[

74
]};（c）The relationship between dune types and two sand transport direction, and two sand transport ratio^{[

90
,

91
,

93
]}

图 3 横向沙丘背风侧气流特征（a）单个横向沙丘背风侧气流分区概念模型^{[

9
]};(b)PIV测得的典型横向沙丘背风侧气流结构^{[

40
]}。H为沙丘高度;l为气流恢复距离;h为反向涡高度;L为沙丘背风坡投影长度;R为气流恢复点;α为背风坡角度;β为迎风坡角度

Fig.3 Characteristics of transverse leeward flow （a）Characteristics of transverse leeward flow a the conceptual model of the air flow characteristic at dune leeside of a single dune^{[

9
]}; （b）The PIV measured air flow structure at the dune leeside of a single dune^{[

40
]};H. Dune height; l. Airflow restoration distance; h. Reverse vortex; L. Leeward projected length; R. Airflow restoration spot; α. Leeward slope angle; β. Windward slope angle

图4 影响连续分布横向沙丘气流因子分析 L为风程长度;l为重附距离;l₀为迎风坡投影长度;α为气流与主风向夹角;α₀为迎风坡坡脚

Fig.4 The analysis on the factors affect on continuous distributed transverse dune L. wind fetch; l, reattachment distance; l₀. windward projection length; α. angles between primary wind direction and airflow; α₀, angle of windward slope

图5 气流方向与雷诺应力的关系

Fig.5 The relationship between air flow direction and Reynold Stress

图6 地形对气流的影响（a）不同角度气流背风坡气流特征概念模型^{[

107
]};(b)气流方向与脊线斜交时背风坡气流特征^{[

106
]}; (c)气流方向与垂直脊线时背风坡气流特征^{[

106
]}

Fig.6 The effect of geomorphology on airflow （a） the conceptual model of leeside air flow characteristics for different flow angles^{[

107
]}; (b) Leeside air flow characteristics for perpendicular air flow^{[

106
]}; (c)Leeside air flow characteristics for oblique air flow^{[

106
]}

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Research Progress on Aeolian Geomorphology and Morphodynamics