遥感气体探测技术在地震监测中的应用

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2015.02.0284

扼要介绍了卫星高光谱红外大气遥感的原理,气体组分探测技术、反演技术和研究应用的发展历程,着重介绍了该技术在地震监测中的研究应用。遥感气体地球化学在地震监测方面的应用大致可以分为间接观测和直接观测2个方面：①利用卫星红外遥感间接监测地震断裂带脱气;②利用卫星探测大气成分的传感器直接监测地震前后的气体地球化学异常。通过分析地下气体逸散引起的物理化学异常与地震活动的关系,提取地震气体地球化学信息。介绍了典型震例的气体地球化学异常特征及其可能的形成机理,提出了存在的问题以及未来的研究重点。

关键词: 高光谱, 热红外, 大气红外探测仪, 地球化学异常

The principle of satellite hyperspectral remote sensing technique for atmosphere detection, development of the satellite atmospheric infrared sensors and the retrieval method of gaseous components with hyperspectral remote sensing data were briefly reviewed. The application of hyperspectral remote sensing gas-geochemistry in earthquake monitoring was emphasized, which can be divided into two aspects: ①Degassing from the seismic fracture zone was indirectly retrieved with the thermal infrared sensor; ②Gas-geochemical anomaly associated with the earthquake was directly detected by the atmospheric gas sensors. Gas-geochemical anomalies were obtained by correlating the physical and chemical anomalies caused by gas emission from the underground with the seismic activities. The possible mechanism of anomalies was discussed by analyzing the gas-geochemical anomalies related to the typical earthquake cases. Additionally, the developing aspects in seismic remote-sensing for gas-geochemistry were proposed.

Key words: Hyperspectrum, Thermal Infrared, Atmospheric infrared sensor, Geochemistry anomaly.

中图分类号:

P315

表1 具有大气成分探测功能的传感器

Table 1 Sensors for detecting gas components of atmosphere

传感器	卫星平台	观测日期	星下点分辨率/(km×km)	穿轨时间	全球覆盖/d	光谱范围/μm	可探测气体种类	参考文献
MOPITT	TERRA	1999~	22×22	10:30d	3.5	2.3~4.7	O₃,CO	[39]
AIRS	AQUA	2002~	13.5×13.5	1:30a	1	3.74~15.4	CO₂,CH₄,O₃,CO,H₂O,SO₂	[40, 41]
SCIAMACHY	ENVISAT	2002~	60×30	10:00d	6	0.24~2.38	O₃,O₄,N₂O,CH₄,CO,CO₂,H₂O,SO₂,HCHO	[42]
OMI	AURA	2004~	24×13	1:45a	1	0.27~0.50	NO₂,SO₂,O₃,HCHO,BrO	[43]
GOME-2	MetOP	2006~	80×40	9:30d	1	0.24~0.79	NO₂,SO₂,O₃	[44]
IASI	MetOP	2006~	12×12	9:30d	0.5	3.62~15.5	CO₂,CH₄,O₃,CO,H₂O,SO₂,N₂O	[45~47]
TANSO	GOSAT	2009~	10.5	1:00d	3	0.76~14.3	CO₂,CH₄,O₂,O₃,H₂O	[48]
CrIS	NPP	2011~	14	10:30d	16	3.92~15	CO₂,CH₄,CO	[49]

表1 具有大气成分探测功能的传感器

Table 1 Sensors for detecting gas components of atmosphere

传感器	卫星平台	观测日期	星下点分辨率/(km×km)	穿轨时间	全球覆盖/d	光谱范围/μm	可探测气体种类	参考文献
MOPITT	TERRA	1999~	22×22	10:30d	3.5	2.3~4.7	O₃,CO	[39]
AIRS	AQUA	2002~	13.5×13.5	1:30a	1	3.74~15.4	CO₂,CH₄,O₃,CO,H₂O,SO₂	[40, 41]
SCIAMACHY	ENVISAT	2002~	60×30	10:00d	6	0.24~2.38	O₃,O₄,N₂O,CH₄,CO,CO₂,H₂O,SO₂,HCHO	[42]
OMI	AURA	2004~	24×13	1:45a	1	0.27~0.50	NO₂,SO₂,O₃,HCHO,BrO	[43]
GOME-2	MetOP	2006~	80×40	9:30d	1	0.24~0.79	NO₂,SO₂,O₃	[44]
IASI	MetOP	2006~	12×12	9:30d	0.5	3.62~15.5	CO₂,CH₄,O₃,CO,H₂O,SO₂,N₂O	[45~47]
TANSO	GOSAT	2009~	10.5	1:00d	3	0.76~14.3	CO₂,CH₄,O₂,O₃,H₂O	[48]
CrIS	NPP	2011~	14	10:30d	16	3.92~15	CO₂,CH₄,CO	[49]

图1 2005~2008年汶川地震前后月平均CO ₂体积分数变化 ^{[

98
]}

Fig.1 Variations of CO ₂volume mixing ratio(VMR) associated Wenchuan earthquake during 2005 to 2008 ^{[

98
]}

图2 墨西哥下加利福尼亚地震前后2~5月CO总量与背景值的差值分布图（单位：mole/cm ²） ^{[

95
]}

Fig.2 Distributions of the differences between CO total columns in monthly from February to May 2010 and the corresponding background values(unit: mole/cm ²)

表2 遥感气体探测技术监测的地震异常特征

Table 2 Gas anomaly characters associated with earthquakes by remote sensors

地震	时间（年/月/日）	传感器	异常参数	特征描述	参考文献
玉树Ms 7.1地震	2010/4/14	AIRS	水汽	水汽总量震后明显高于前两年均值;数据离散性增大	[107]
		AIRS	CO	CO总量震前2周和震后2周左右出现极大值,且明显高于前2年对应均值	[107]
		MODIS	亮温	断裂带北段亮温变化显著	[108]
甘肃景泰M_S5.9地震缅甸北部M_S 6.9地震	2000/ 6/6 2010/6/8	MOPITT	CO	4月30日CO含量在青藏高原大面积升高,是2002年正常值的1.57~4.10倍,形状呈不规则圈层结构,CO体积分数内高外低	[109]
甘肃景泰M_S5.9地震缅甸北部M_S 6.9地震	2000/ 6/6 2010/6/8	日本葵花卫星	热红外温度	4月29~30日在青藏高原大面积多处孤立升温	[109]
Gujarat M_S7.8地震	2001/1/26	MOPITT	CO	CO总量震前升高;近地表CO体积分数在震前升高	[93]
		SSM/I	亮温	震前一周左右上升,之后陡降,25日降至最低	[93]
		MODIS	地表温度	1月20~21日震中区地表温度升高	[104]
		TOMS	O₃	震后O₃含量升高	[26]
		TRMM	水汽	地震前后震中附近陆地真海洋区域水汽含量异常变化	[91]
台湾M_S7.5地震	2002/3/31	MOPITT	CO	30日在台湾北部CO含量呈同心圆异常	[110]
台湾M_S7.5地震	2002/3/31	MODIS	海面温度	31日10:06的MODIS图像显示在台湾东北部海面有高温异常	[110]
汶川8.0地震	2008/5/12	AIRS	CO	CO总量高值与余震对应较好	[98]
			CO₂	CO₂体积混合比在3、4月份明显升高,且高于年变	[98]
			相对湿度	震前几天有急剧下降现象,与地表数据由1~2天的误差	[114]
苏门答腊北部8.9级地震	2004/12/26	AIRS	CO	震前3个月出现异常	[115]
苏门答腊北部8.9级地震	2004/12/26	AIRS	O₃	震前8个月出现异常	[115]
墨西哥下加利福尼亚7.1级地震	2010/4/5	AIRS	CO	CO异常在震前2个月出现;沿断裂分布;地震前后高于背景值	[95]
墨西哥下加利福尼亚7.1级地震	2010/4/5	AIRS	O₃	O₃总量明显高于前两年均值;震前4个月出现,持续7个月	[98, 113]

表2 遥感气体探测技术监测的地震异常特征

Table 2 Gas anomaly characters associated with earthquakes by remote sensors

地震	时间（年/月/日）	传感器	异常参数	特征描述	参考文献
玉树Ms 7.1地震	2010/4/14	AIRS	水汽	水汽总量震后明显高于前两年均值;数据离散性增大	[107]
		AIRS	CO	CO总量震前2周和震后2周左右出现极大值,且明显高于前2年对应均值	[107]
		MODIS	亮温	断裂带北段亮温变化显著	[108]
甘肃景泰M_S5.9地震缅甸北部M_S 6.9地震	2000/ 6/6 2010/6/8	MOPITT	CO	4月30日CO含量在青藏高原大面积升高,是2002年正常值的1.57~4.10倍,形状呈不规则圈层结构,CO体积分数内高外低	[109]
甘肃景泰M_S5.9地震缅甸北部M_S 6.9地震	2000/ 6/6 2010/6/8	日本葵花卫星	热红外温度	4月29~30日在青藏高原大面积多处孤立升温	[109]
Gujarat M_S7.8地震	2001/1/26	MOPITT	CO	CO总量震前升高;近地表CO体积分数在震前升高	[93]
		SSM/I	亮温	震前一周左右上升,之后陡降,25日降至最低	[93]
		MODIS	地表温度	1月20~21日震中区地表温度升高	[104]
		TOMS	O₃	震后O₃含量升高	[26]
		TRMM	水汽	地震前后震中附近陆地真海洋区域水汽含量异常变化	[91]
台湾M_S7.5地震	2002/3/31	MOPITT	CO	30日在台湾北部CO含量呈同心圆异常	[110]
台湾M_S7.5地震	2002/3/31	MODIS	海面温度	31日10:06的MODIS图像显示在台湾东北部海面有高温异常	[110]
汶川8.0地震	2008/5/12	AIRS	CO	CO总量高值与余震对应较好	[98]
			CO₂	CO₂体积混合比在3、4月份明显升高,且高于年变	[98]
			相对湿度	震前几天有急剧下降现象,与地表数据由1~2天的误差	[114]
苏门答腊北部8.9级地震	2004/12/26	AIRS	CO	震前3个月出现异常	[115]
苏门答腊北部8.9级地震	2004/12/26	AIRS	O₃	震前8个月出现异常	[115]
墨西哥下加利福尼亚7.1级地震	2010/4/5	AIRS	CO	CO异常在震前2个月出现;沿断裂分布;地震前后高于背景值	[95]
墨西哥下加利福尼亚7.1级地震	2010/4/5	AIRS	O₃	O₃总量明显高于前两年均值;震前4个月出现,持续7个月	[98, 113]

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Application of Gas Remote Sensing Technique in Earthquake Monitoring