海底峡谷科学深潜考察研究现状

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2019.11.1111

地球科学进展 ›› 2019, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (11): 1111 -1119. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2019.11.1111

综述与评述下一篇

海底峡谷科学深潜考察研究现状

钟广法 ^1, ²(

)

1. 同济大学海洋地质国家重点实验室，上海 200092
2. 南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室（珠海），广东珠海 519080

收稿日期:2019-10-10 修回日期:2019-11-01 出版日期:2019-11-10
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目“南海深海平原浊流沉积及其构造意义”(41676029);“南海北部洋陆过渡带的重力流沉积”(41876049)

Current Status of Scientific Deep-diving Investigations in Submarine Canyons

Guangfa Zhong ^1, ²( )

1. State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
2. Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Zhuhai 519080, China

Received:2019-10-10 Revised:2019-11-01 Online:2019-11-10 Published:2019-12-31
About author:Zhong Guangfa （1964-）， male， Linli County, Hu'nan Province, Professor. Research areas include geophysical data interpretation and deep-sea sedimentology. E-mail: gfz@tongji.edu.cn
Supported by:
Projects supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China “Turbidites and their tectonic implications in the abyssal plain of the South China Sea”(41676029);“Gravity-current deposits in the northern continental-ocean transition of the South China Sea”(41876049)

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海底峡谷是大陆边缘重要的海底地貌形态，也是沉积物从浅海向深海搬运的重要通道和生物多样性热点，对海底科学研究、海底资源开发利用及海底基础设施建设与安全运营具有重要意义。载人深潜和以遥控潜器(ROV）和自主潜器（AUV）为代表的无人深潜技术为人类探索现代海底峡谷提供了重要途径。海底峡谷的深潜科学考察始于1940年代后期，最初为潜水员下潜考察，1960年代开始各种载人和无人潜器逐步应用于海底峡谷的科学探索。载人潜器能将科学家带至海底进行实地观察和精准取样。无人潜器的优点是：成本低、效率高，无人员安全之忧，水下作业时间长，且可以到达人类难以企及的极端海域。深潜技术在海底峡谷地学研究中的应用主要包括海底地形地貌和底质调查，各种侵蚀和沉积底形及其成因分析，块体搬运和流体动力学过程研究，冷泉、冷水珊瑚等生物群落分布及海底生物侵蚀作用研究。欧美发达国家过去70余年在海底峡谷科学深潜考察研究方面所积累的经验和成果对于我国正在兴起的深海深潜科学考察具有重要的启示和借鉴意义。

关键词: 海底峡谷, 科学深潜考察, 海底地貌, 沉积过程, 生物栖息地

Submarine canyons represent one of the most important geomorphologic features in continental margins, act as one of the most important conduits of seafloor sediment transporting from shallow waters into the deep sea, and are also biodiversity hotspots. Submarine-canyon investigations are therefore significant for seafloor scientific research, submarine mineral and resource exploitation, and the construction and safety operation of submarine infrastructures. Deep-sea diving by manned submersibles and robot submersibles represented by Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROV) and Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV) provides an important approach to the investigation of modern submarine canyons. The biggest advantage of manned submersibles is that they can bring scientists to the deep sea for in-place observations and precise sampling, while the robot deep-sea diving has the advantages of low cost, high efficiency, no personnel safety concerns, and the ability to reach the extreme sea areas that are difficult for humans to reach. Deep-sea diving has found broad applications in the geo-scientific research of submarine canyons. These studies cover seafloor topography and geomorphology, seafloor sediments, erosional and depositional bedforms, mass transport processes and flow dynamics, cold springs, cold-water corals and other biological habitats, as well as seafloor biological erosion. The research experience and scientific findings in scientific diving investigation of submarine canyons accumulated by the developed countries in Europe and the United States over the past 70 years are of great reference and significance to the emerging scientific deep-sea diving in China.

Key words: Submarine canyons, Scientific diving, Seafloor geomorphology, Sedimentary processes, Biological habitats.

中图分类号:

P714+.7

表1 载人潜器与无人潜器的技术特点与优缺点

Table 1 The technical characteristics and advantages of manned submersibles and robot submersibles

潜器类型	主要技术特点	优势	不足之处
载人潜器	潜器由潜航员操控，可视科学家需要进行考察和取样等作业	载人实地考察；精准取样	需要母船支持；水下作业时间较短；难以到达恶劣海底环境
ROV	潜器通过脐带缆与母船连接，其运行完全由母船控制；依靠光缆与母船进行实时通信	可代替载人潜器完成海底调查和取样等作业；可以达到特殊和复杂地形海域；水下工作时间较长；安全、经济、高效	需要母船支持；脐带缆限制了潜器的活动范围
AUV	潜器完全根据预设指令独自运行；靠声学方法与母船进行通信；适合进行长距离测量作业	具备近底多波束等高精度地形地貌探测功能；无需母船支持，可独自进行较长距离的测量作业；可以到达特殊和复杂地形海域；水下工作时间较长；安全、经济、高效	缺乏来自母船的电力供应，限制了潜器活动的持久性；与母船无光缆连接，通讯完全依赖声学方法

表1 载人潜器与无人潜器的技术特点与优缺点

Table 1 The technical characteristics and advantages of manned submersibles and robot submersibles

潜器类型	主要技术特点	优势	不足之处
载人潜器	潜器由潜航员操控，可视科学家需要进行考察和取样等作业	载人实地考察；精准取样	需要母船支持；水下作业时间较短；难以到达恶劣海底环境
ROV	潜器通过脐带缆与母船连接，其运行完全由母船控制；依靠光缆与母船进行实时通信	可代替载人潜器完成海底调查和取样等作业；可以达到特殊和复杂地形海域；水下工作时间较长；安全、经济、高效	需要母船支持；脐带缆限制了潜器的活动范围
AUV	潜器完全根据预设指令独自运行；靠声学方法与母船进行通信；适合进行长距离测量作业	具备近底多波束等高精度地形地貌探测功能；无需母船支持，可独自进行较长距离的测量作业；可以到达特殊和复杂地形海域；水下工作时间较长；安全、经济、高效	缺乏来自母船的电力供应，限制了潜器活动的持久性；与母船无光缆连接，通讯完全依赖声学方法

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