地球科学进展 ›› 2026, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (5): 500 -520. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2026.039   cstr: 32269.14.adearth.CN62-1091/P.2026.039

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不同先验数据集选择对古气候数据同化效果影响评估
盖思杰1(), 李金建1(), Zhang Qiong2, 王振乾2,3, 杨凯晴1, 柴静1, 靳立亚1, 陈婕4()   
  1. 1.成都信息工程大学 大气科学学院/高原大气与环境四川省重点实验室/成都平原城市气象与环境四川省野外科学观测研究站/四川省气象灾害预测预警工程实验室,四川 成都 610225
    2.Department of Physical Geography and Bolin Centre for Climate Research,Stockholm University,Stockholm 10691,Sweden
    3.Center for Volatile Interactions,Department of Biology,University of Copenhagen,Copenhagen 2100,Denmark
    4.兰州大学 资源环境学院,西部环境教育部重点实验室,甘肃 兰州 730000
  • 收稿日期:2026-04-08 修回日期:2026-04-30 出版日期:2026-05-10
  • 通讯作者: 李金建,陈婕 E-mail:3240101018@stu.cuit.edu.cn;jc@lzu.edu.cn;ljj@cuit.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金面上项目(42471171);国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(C类)(42505054);四川省科技计划项目(2024NSFSC1986)

Assessment of the Impact of Different Prior Dataset Selection on Paleoclimate Data Assimilation Performance

Sijie Gai1(), Jinjian Li1(), Qiong Zhang2, Zhenqian Wang2,3, Kaiqing Yang1, Jing Chai1, Liya Jin1, Jie Chen4()   

  1. 1.School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology / Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province / Chengdu Plain Urban Meteorology and Environment Sichuan Field Science Observation and Research Station / Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Prediction and Early Warning, Chengdu 610225, China
    2.Department of Physical Geography and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
    3.Center for Volatile Interactions, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
    4.College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University / Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou 730000, China
  • Received:2026-04-08 Revised:2026-04-30 Online:2026-05-10 Published:2026-07-22
  • Contact: Jinjian Li, Jie Chen E-mail:3240101018@stu.cuit.edu.cn;jc@lzu.edu.cn;ljj@cuit.edu.cn
  • About author:Gai Sijie, research areas include climate change and paleoclimatology. E-mail: 3240101018@stu.cuit.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42471171);The Sichuan Provincial Science and Technology Program entitled(2024NSFSC1986)

古气候数据同化能够有效融合气候模式模拟与代用资料,已成为重建过去气候场的重要方法。作为基础的先验数据集对同化结果具有重要影响,但现有研究多采用单一模式场作为同化先验,缺乏针对不同模式输出作为先验的系统对比框架以及同化效果的定量评估。基于离线古气候数据同化框架,系统评估了13个耦合气候模式输出作为先验数据集对北半球过去千年年均温度场重建的影响。对1880—2000年观测时期重建的结果显示,同化后的重建数据质量在时空维度上均获提升:时间相关系数由0.54~0.88提高至0.86~0.89,泰勒技巧评分由0.31~0.78提升至0.71~0.80,且不同重建结果间的离散程度缩小;空间维度上,同化有效提升了北半球年际变率的同步性并校正了多数区域的平均态冷暖偏差,但改善幅度呈现区域差异特征,主要受代用资料覆盖密度与先验场初始质量的共同约束,模式固有偏差是制约特定区域功效系数提升的关键因素。通过多维度秩评分体系,将重建结果划分为高、中、低性能组进行评估后发现,各组均能清晰捕捉中世纪暖期、小冰期和现代暖期的演变特征,并反映出了极地放大效应及强火山事件冷却响应,其中高性能组表现较为稳健。研究证实了耦合模式比较计划的标准输出作为同化先验数据集的可行性,也为先验优选提供了定量依据,以期为理解过去千年气候演变特征提供数据基础。

Paleoclimate data assimilation effectively integrates climate model simulations with proxy records and has emerged as a key approach for reconstructing past climate. The prior strongly influences assimilation results. However, the literature lacks a systematic comparative framework across diverse model prior and a rigorous quantitative assessment of assimilation efficacy. We applied an offline paleoclimate data assimilation framework to systematically evaluate the influence of prior datasets derived from 13 coupled climate models on annual mean temperature field reconstructions across the Northern Hemisphere over the past millennium. Evaluation over the 1880-2000 observational period revealed consistent improvements in reconstruction quality across both temporal and spatial dimensions: temporal correlation coefficients increased from 0.54~0.88 to 0.86~0.89, Taylor skill scores rose from 0.31~0.78 to 0.71~0.80, and the spread across reconstructions narrowed substantially. Spatially, assimilation enhanced the coherence of interannual variability across the Northern Hemisphere and corrected mean-state biases in most regions. The magnitude of improvement varied regionally, primarily reflecting the combined constraints of proxy network density and prior field quality, with model-inherent biases constituting a key limiting factor for efficiency coefficient gains in specific regions. A multidimensional rank scoring system classified all reconstructions into high-, medium-, and low-performance groups. All groups clearly captured the Medieval Warm Period, the Little Ice Age, and the Modern Warm Period, and reproduced both polar amplification and the cooling signatures of major volcanic eruptions, with the high-performance group demonstrating the greatest robustness. This study confirms that standard Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) outputs serve as viable prior datasets for paleoclimate data assimilation, provide a quantitative basis for prior selection, and offer a data foundation for advancing our understanding of climate variability over the past millennium.

中图分类号: 

图1 同化所用的代用资料时空分布
(a)同化过程中使用的各代用资料观测点的地理位置;(b)1000—2000年代用资料的数量,图例按照颜色和形状区分代用指标。
Fig. 1 Spatiotemporal distribution of proxy data used for data assimilation
(a) The proxy site locations for data assimilation; (b) Annual proxy count for the period 1000-2000, with the legend distinguishes proxy types using different colors and marker shapes.
表1 13个先验数据集信息
Table 1 Information on the 13 prior data
表2 秩评分体系
Table 2 Ranked score system
图2 同化前后18802000年北半球年平均温度距平时间序列对比
(a)先验数据集及其MME与观测数据集BE对比;(b)PDA重建数据集及其MME与观测数据集BE对比。图中数据集为基准期为1961—1990年的距平,阴影区域表示同化前后MME的95%集合离散范围,用于表征不确定性范围。黑色实线为观测数据集BE,蓝色、红色实线分别为同化前后的MME。
Fig. 2 Comparison of Northern Hemisphere annual mean temperature anomaly time series for the period 1880-2000 before and after assimilation
(a) Comparison between the prior dataset and its MME against the observational dataset BE; (b) Comparison between the PDA reconstruction dataset and its MME against BE. All data are expressed as temperature anomalies relative to the 1961-1990 reference period. The shaded areas represent the 95% ensemble spread of the MME before and after data assimilation, used to characterize the uncertainty range. The black solid line denotes the observational dataset BE, and the blue and red solid lines represent the MME before and after data assimilation, respectively.
图3 同化前后18802000年北半球年平均温度距平泰勒图对比
Fig. 3 Comparison of Taylor diagrams for Northern Hemisphere annual mean temperature anomalies for the period 1880-2000 before and after assimilation
表3 同化前后18802000年北半球年均地表温度区域平均主要统计指标对比
Table 3 Main statistical metrics for Northern Hemisphere annual mean surface temperature for the period 1880-2000 before and after data assimilation
图4 同化前后18802000年北半球年平均温度距平的平均偏差空间分布对比
相对于观测数据集BE,同化前先验数据集(a)~(n)与同化后PDA重建数据集(a1)~(n1)的年平均温度的平均偏差(单位:°C)。
Fig. 4 Comparison of the spatial distribution of mean biases for Northern Hemisphere annual mean temperature anomalies for the period 1880-2000 before and after assimilation
The figure shows the mean bias (°C) of annual mean temperature relative to the BE observational dataset. Panels (a)~(n) represent the prior datasets, and panels (a1)~(n1) represent the PDA reconstruction datasets.
图5 同化前后18802000年北半球年平均温度距平时间相关系数的空间分布对比
相对于观测数据集BE,同化前先验数据集(a)~(n)与同化后PDA重建数据集(a1)~(n1)的年平均温度距平的时间相关系数。
Fig. 5 Comparison of the spatial distribution of temporal correlation coefficients for Northern Hemisphere annual mean temperature anomalies for the period 1880-2000 before and after assimilation
The figure shows the temporal correlation coefficients of annual mean temperature relative to the BE observational dataset. Panels (a)~(n) represent the prior datasets, and panels (a1)~(n1) represent the PDA reconstruction datasets.
图6 同化前后18802000年北半球年平均温度距平功效系数的空间分布对比
相对于观测数据集BE,同化前先验数据集(a)~(n)与同化后PDA重建数据集(a1)~(n1)的年平均温度距平功效系数。
Fig. 6 Comparison of the spatial distribution of the coefficient of efficiencyCEfor Northern Hemisphere annual mean temperature anomalies for the period 1880-2000 before and after assimilation
The figure shows the coefficient of efficiency of annual mean temperature relative to the BE observational dataset. Panels (a)~(n) represent the prior datasets, and panels (a1)~(n1) represent the PDA reconstruction datasets.
图7 关键区域代用资料密度对比
(a)北半球代用资料站点空间分布,蓝色散点为代用资料站点位置,彩色框线标注了5个关键评估区域,括号内n为区域内代用资料记录数,数值为代用资料数与区域格点数之比。暖色框线(红、橙、玫红)表示同化后改善显著的区域,冷色框线(蓝、青)表示同化效果受限的区域。(b)各区域代用资料记录数与区域内2°×2°格点数之比,反映该区域的代用资料密度,灰色虚线为两类区域的分界。各区域范围如下:斯堪的纳维亚半岛(55°~72°N, 5°~30°E)、印度半岛—阿拉伯海域(0°~23.5°N, 55°E~80°E)、加勒比海域(10°~25°N, 100°~60°W)、北极圈(66.5°N以北)、热带太平洋西部区域(0°~23.5°N, 100°~150°E)。
Fig. 7 Comparison of proxy data density in key regions
(a) Spatial distribution of proxy data sites across the Northern Hemisphere. Blue dots indicate the locations of proxy data sites. Colored bounding boxes delineate five key assessment regions, with n in parentheses denoting the number of proxy records within each region, and the numerical value representing the ratio of proxy records to grid points within that region. Warm-colored boxes (red, orange, and rose) indicate regions with significant post-assimilation improvement, while cool-colored boxes (blue and cyan) indicate regions where assimilation skill is limited. (b) The ratio of proxy record counts to the number of 2°×2° grid cells within each region, reflecting the proxy data density of that region. The gray dashed line demarcates the boundary between the two categories of regions. The spatial extents of the regions are as follows: the Scandinavian Peninsula (55°~72°N, 5°~30°E), the Indian Subcontinent-Arabian Sea domain (0°~23.5°N, 55°~80°E), the Caribbean Sea domain (10°~25°N, 100°~60°W), the Arctic Circle (north of 66.5°N), and the western tropical Pacific region (0°~23.5°N, 100°~150°E).
表4 18802000PDA重建数据集秩评分
Table 4 Ranked scores of PDA reconstruction datasets for the period 1880-2000
图8 过去千年北半球年平均温度距平时间序列对比
图中展示了按秩评分划分的4组PDA集合平均[PDA MME(红线)、High-skill MME(黑线)、Mid-skill MME(橙线)和Low-skill MME(灰线)]与前人重建产品的对比。(a)本文的PDA重建集合序列与其他数据同化产品的对比,包括LMR v127、LMR v228、PHYDA32和Fang87。LMR v1和LMR v2均基于CCSM4模式,分别使用PAGES 2k Consortium 2013年465条和2017年544条代用资料记录;PHYDA基于CESM模式,整合了PAGES 2k 2017及Breitenmoser等88的树轮数据等共2 978条代理记录;Fang基于MPI-ESM-P模式,使用PAGES 2k 2017共396条代理记录87。(b)本文的PDA重建集合序列与统计重建方法的对比,包括Shi等89基于多条记录使用CPS、RegEM等方法重建的北半球温度,以及Neukom等90通过GraphEM、PCR、CPS、CCA、AM方法的重建结果。所有时间序列均为相对于1000—2000年气候平均态的温度距平(°C),并经过10年窗口的LOESS低通滤波平滑处理。阴影区域表示High-skill MME的不确定性范围。图中灰色箭头指示选取的典型强火山喷发事件,包括1107年、1257年(Samalas)、1458年(Kuwae)、1600年(Huaynaputina)、1783年(Laki)、1815 年(Tambora)及1963年(Agung)火山喷发事件。1900年以前事件的爆发年份依据整理的eVolv2k强迫数据集标注92;1963年阿贡火山喷发事件参考Niemeier等93
Fig. 8 Comparison of Northern Hemisphere annual mean temperature anomaly time series over the last millennium
The figure shows a comparison between rank-based PDA ensemble means [PDA MME (red), High-skill MME (black), Mid-skill MME (orange), and Low-skill MME (gray)] and previous reconstruction products. (a) Comparison between the PDA reconstruction ensemble mean from this study and other data assimilation products, including LMR v127, LMR v228, PHYDA32, and Fang87. Both LMR v1 and LMR v2 are based on the CCSM4 model and assimilate 465 proxy records (PAGES 2k Consortium 2013) and 544 proxy records (PAGES 2k Consortium 2017), respectively. PHYDA is based on the CESM model and integrates proxy records from PAGES 2k 2017 together with tree-ring data from Breitenmoser et al.88, totaling 2 978 proxy records. The reconstruction by Fang is based on the MPI-ESM-P model and uses 396 proxy records from PAGES 2k 2017. (b) Comparison between the PDA reconstruction ensemble mean from this study and statistical reconstruction methods, including Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstructions by Shi et al.89, which are based on multiple records using CPS, RegEM, and other methods, as well as reconstructions from Neukom et al.90 using GraphEM, PCR, CPS, CCA, and AM methods. All time series are expressed as temperature anomalies (°C) relative to the period 1000-2000 climatological mean and have been smoothed using a 10-year LOESS low-pass filter. The shaded areas indicate the uncertainty range of the High-skill MME. Gray arrows denote selected major volcanic eruption events, including those in 1107, 1257 (Samalas), 1458 (Kuwae), 1600 (Huaynaputina), 1783 (Laki), 1815 (Tambora), and 1963 (Agung). For pre-1900 events, eruption years follow the eVolv2k volcanic forcing dataset92, while the 1963 Agung eruption is referenced from Niemeier et al.93.
图9 过去千年3个典型气候时期北半球年平均温度距平空间分布对比
本文4组PDA重建(a~d)与其他数据同化产品(e~g)及统计方法重建产品(h~l)在中世纪暖期(MCA,1000—1250年)、小冰期(LIA,1450—1850年)和现代暖期(TCWP,1900—2000年)的空间温度距平分布。所有距平均以各重建产品自身的1000—2000年为基准期。
Fig. 9 Spatial distribution of Northern Hemisphere annual mean temperature anomalies during three typical climate periods over the past millennium
Spatial temperature anomaly distributions of the four PDA reconstructions from this study (a~d), compared with other data assimilation products (e~g) and statistical reconstruction products (h~l) during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA,1000-1250), the Little Ice Age (LIA,1450-1850), and the Twentieth-Century Warm Period (TCWP,1900-2000). All anomalies are relative to the individual 1000-2000 baseline period of each reconstruction.
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