我国大气波涌研究进展与展望

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2026.026

地球科学进展 ›› 2026, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (3): 236 -247. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2026.026

我国大气波涌研究进展与展望

张树时¹^,²(

), 徐昕³^,⁴(

), 陈起英⁵^,⁶, Parsons David B.⁷, 黄泓⁸, 万夫敬⁹, 黄龙³^,⁴

^1.南京气象科技创新研究院，中国气象科学研究院—江苏省气象局，江苏南京 210041
^2.江苏省强对流灾害风险预警重点实验室/中国气象局交通气象重点开放实验室，江苏南京 210041
^3.灾害天气科学与技术全国重点实验室，南京大学，江苏南京 210023
^4.南京大学中尺度灾害性天气教育部重点实验室/大气科学学院，江苏南京 210023
^5.中国气象局地球系统数值预报中心，北京 100081
^6.灾害天气科学与技术全国重点实验室，北京 100081
^7.NorthWest Research Associates，Colorado Boulder 80301，美国
^8.国防科技大学气象海洋学院，湖南长沙 410073
^9.青岛市气象台，山东青岛 266003

收稿日期:2025-12-15 修回日期:2026-02-25 出版日期:2026-03-10
通讯作者: 徐昕 E-mail:zhangss@cma.gov.cn;xinxu@nju.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金气象联合基金项目(U2542202);国家自然科学基金气象联合基金项目(U2342226);国家自然科学基金项目(42575005)

Atmospheric Bore Research in China: Progress and Prospects

Shushi Zhang¹^,²(), Xin Xu³^,⁴(), Qiying Chen⁵^,⁶, David B. Parsons⁷, Hong Huang⁸, Fujing Wan⁹, Long Huang³^,⁴

^1.Nanjing Innovation Institute for Atmospheric Sciences, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences–Jiangsu Meteorological Service, Nanjing 210041, China
^2.Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Severe Storm Disaster Risk, Key Laboratory of Transportation Meteorology of Chinese Academy of Meteorological, Nanjing 210041, China
^3.State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Meteorological Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
^4.Key Laboratory of Mesoscale Severe Weather/Ministry of Education, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
^5.CMA Earth System Modeling and Prediction Centre, Beijing 100081, China
^6.State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Meteorological Science and Technology (LaSW), Beijing 100081, China
^7.North West Research Associates, Colorado Boulder 80301, USA
^8.College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
^9.Qingdao Meteorological Observatory, Qingdao Shandong 266003, China

Received:2025-12-15 Revised:2026-02-25 Online:2026-03-10 Published:2026-05-06
Contact: Xin Xu E-mail:zhangss@cma.gov.cn;xinxu@nju.edu.cn
About author:Zhang Shushi, research area includes storm dynamics. E-mail: zhangss@cma.gov.cn
Supported by:
the Meteorology Joint Fund (Key Support Project) of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2542202);The National Natural Science Foundation of China(42575005)

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大气波涌是一种边界层重力内波，在全球分布广泛，对对流活动（尤其是夜间对流）的触发和组织具有重要作用，受到国外科研与业务人员的高度重视，但我国对此却关注较少。为提升国内科研与业务人员对大气波涌的关注与认识，系统梳理了近年来我国在该领域的研究进展。在回顾国际相关研究的基础上，重点总结了我国江淮平原大气波涌的主要特征，包括其雷达回波强度偏弱、与背景场糅杂难以辨别的典型表现，以及在热点区域集中分布、特定天气背景下集中爆发等气候学统计规律。此外，通过多个典型个例，详细阐述了我国大气波涌在不同类型出流边界（冷锋、冷池、阵风锋、海风锋等）之间，及不同类型出流边界与边界层相互作用下的生成机制与演变特征；分析了在不同环境背景下，其对对流活动发生发展的多重影响，同时揭示了大气波涌这一典型夜间现象在日间强对流发生发展中的具体作用。最后指出，亟须加深对我国大气波涌与对流之间复杂耦合反馈机制的认识；加强当前模式参数化方案的改进与适用性提升；结合综合观测资料与机器学习算法，开展大气波涌及其影响下对流的精准识别和预报技术研发。

关键词: 大气波涌, 重力波, 夜间对流系统, 强对流

Atmospheric bores are a type of boundary-layer internal gravity wave with a widespread global distribution. They play a significant role in the initiation and organization of convective activities, particularly nocturnal convection, and have received considerable attention from the international research and operational forecasting communities. However, they have garnered relatively little focus in China. To enhance the awareness and understanding of atmospheric bores among domestic researchers and forecasters, this paper systematically reviews recent research progress in this field within China. Building upon a review of relevant international studies, this work summarizes the primary characteristics of atmospheric bores over the Yangtze-Huai Plain. These include typical manifestations such as relatively weak radar echo intensity and the challenge of distinguishing them from the background environment, as well as climatological statistical patterns including concentrated distributions in hotspot regions and outbreaks under specific synoptic conditions. Furthermore, through the analysis of multiple typical cases, this paper elaborates in detail on the generation mechanisms and evolutionary features of atmospheric bores in China under interactions between different types of convective outflow boundaries (such as cold fronts, cold pools, gust fronts, and sea-breeze fronts) and their coupling with the boundary layer. It also analyzes the multifaceted impacts of bores on the initiation and development of convection under various environmental conditions, while revealing the specific role of this typical nocturnal phenomenon in the evolution of daytime severe convection. Finally, the paper concludes that there is an urgent need to deepen the understanding of the complex coupling and feedback mechanisms between atmospheric bores and convection in China; to enhance the improvement and applicability of current model parameterization schemes; and to develop precise identification and forecasting techniques for atmospheric bores and their associated convection by integrating comprehensive observational datasets with machine learning algorithms.

Key words: Atmospheric Bores, Gravity waves, Nocturnal Convective Systems, Severe convections

中图分类号:

P433

表1 我国各类大气波涌判别标准

Table 1 Identification criteria for various types of atmospheric bores in China

波涌类型	回波表现	变压/（hPa/30 min）	变温/（℃/30 min）	风向	备注
多波型波涌	多条窄带回波	≥0	≥0	随气压震荡	气压持续上升
单波型波涌	单条窄带回波/弱回波带	≥0	≥0	随气压上升偏转	气压持续上升
孤波	多条/单条窄带回波	≥0	≥0	随气压震荡	气压短时上升
多波型波涌（疑似）	多条窄带回波	—	—	—	无

表1 我国各类大气波涌判别标准

Table 1 Identification criteria for various types of atmospheric bores in China

波涌类型	回波表现	变压/（hPa/30 min）	变温/（℃/30 min）	风向	备注
多波型波涌	多条窄带回波	≥0	≥0	随气压震荡	气压持续上升
单波型波涌	单条窄带回波/弱回波带	≥0	≥0	随气压上升偏转	气压持续上升
孤波	多条/单条窄带回波	≥0	≥0	随气压震荡	气压短时上升
多波型波涌（疑似）	多条窄带回波	—	—	—	无

图1 不同生成机制下大气波涌雷达特征示例图^［39］
红色箭头表示阵风锋前缘，黑色箭头/虚线表示大气波涌前缘；（a）和（b） 2019年7月25日通过对流性出流碰撞形成的波涌，填色为邻近雷达最低雷达仰角反射率和关键区域径向速度（b图左下角子图）；（c）对应时刻的地面风羽和温度观测；（d）和（e） 2016年5月2日由对流性出流与海风锋碰撞形成的波涌，填色为领近雷达最低仰角反射率；（f）对应时刻的地面风羽和温度观测；（g）和（h）2018年7月26日在下游对流预调节环境中形成的波涌，填色为领近雷达最低仰角反射率；（i）对应时刻的地面风羽和温度观测。子图中的所有时间皆为当地标准时，即北京时。

Fig. 1 Illustrative examples of radar characteristics of bores under different formation mechanisms^［39］
Red arrows indicating leading edges of the GFs， black arrows/dashed lines denoting that of atmospheric bores；（a） and （b） Bore formed on 25 July 2019 through collisions between convective outflows， showing lowest-level observational reflectivity from the nearest radar and radial velocity over the region of interest （see the bottom-left subplot of panel b）；（c） Corresponding surface observations of wind barbs and temperature；（d） and （e） Bore formed on 2 May 2016 through collisions between a convective outflow and a sea breeze， showing lowest-level reflectivity from the nearest radar；（f） Corresponding surface observations of wind barbs and temperature；（g） and （h） Bore formed on 26 July 2018 in an environment preconditioned by downstream convections， showing lowest-level reflectivity from the nearest radar；（i） Corresponding surface observations of wind barbs and temperature. All times shown in subplots are Local Standard Time （LST）， i.e.， Beijing Time （BJT）.

图2 暖季江淮平原不同类型大气波涌的活动特征及雷达回波示例^［41］
（a）2015—2019年暖季江淮平原不同类型大气波涌的生成（圆点）、消亡（箭头前端）位置及传播路径（箭头）；（b）2015年8月30日20时（北京时，下同）的单波型波涌示例：（c）2017年6月3日02时的多波型波涌示例。底图填色分别为驻马店与淮安雷达最低仰角的反射率，箭头标示出波涌前沿的位置。

Fig. 2 Activity characteristics of different types of atmospheric bores and radar reflectivity examples over the Yangtze-Huai region during warm seasons^［41］
（a） Genesis （dots）， lysis （arrow tails）， and propagation paths （arrows） of different types of atmospheric bores over the Yangtze-Huai plain during the warm seasons from 2015 to 2019；（b） Example of a non-undular bore at 20：00 BT （Beijing Time， same below） on 30 August 2015；（c） Example of an undular bore at 02：00 BT on 3 June 2017. The shading on the composite map represents the reflectivity （dBZ） from the lowest elevation scans of the Zhumadian and Huaian radars， respectively， with arrows indicating the leading edge of the bores.

图3 2023年6月10日14时（北京时）江苏沿长江致灾性强对流个例风云4A可见光图像^［61］

Fig. 3 Visible image from FY-4A of a severe afternoon convective event along the Yangtze River in Jiangsu at 1400 （BT） 10 June 2023^［61］

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Atmospheric Bore Research in China: Progress and Prospects

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Atmospheric Bore Research in China: Progress and Prospects