摘要：涡动协方差系统自20 世纪90 年代被广泛应用以来，已发展成为测量生态系统与大气间能量和物质交换的标准方法，在全球变化研究、陆面过程模拟及遥感产品验证中发挥着不可替代的作用。在系统回顾涡动协方差技术基本测量原理与发展历程的基础上，重点比较了开路式与闭路式系统在气体采样方式、频率响应特性、环境适应性、数据处理等方面的技术差异与适用场景，并综述了两类设备在地表通量测量中的典型应用及其主要不确定性来源。近年来，涡动协方差技术已逐步拓展至多种痕量气体通量的测量，并被集成在无人机平台以获取更大空间尺度的地表通量信息，成为衔接地面观测和卫星遥感反演的重要“桥梁”。但该技术仍面临通量源区空间代表性不足、能量平衡不闭合以及复杂下垫面与极端环境条件下测量精度不足等挑战。未来，涡动协方差技术可在提高系统精度、扩展应用范围，以及研发更低功耗、小型化和自动化的系统等方向发展，以支持全球变化背景下生态系统水热碳通量的深入研究。

Abstract：Since the 1990s, the Eddy Covariance (EC) system has been widely applied and has become a standard technique for quantifying exchanges of energy and matter between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. Owing to its ability to provide direct, in situ, and continuous flux measurements, it plays an irreplaceable role in global change research, land surface process modeling, and the validation and calibration of remote sensing products. This paper systematically reviews the fundamental measurement principles and the historical development of the eddy covariance technique, highlighting its theoretical basis in turbulent transport and high-frequency covariance calculations. Particular emphasis is placed on comparing the technical differences and applicable scenarios of open-path and closed-path EC systems. These differences are analyzed in terms of gas sampling methods, frequency response characteristics, environmental adaptability, and data processing procedures. Open-path systems, with their fast response, are advantageous in capturing high-frequency fluctuations, whereas closed-path systems offer better control of environmental conditions and are more suitable for harsh or variable climates. The strengths and limitations of each system are discussed in relation to specific ecosystem types and measurement objectives. In addition, the applications of both systems in measuring surface fluxes of carbon dioxide, water vapor, heat, and other trace gases are summarized, along with a detailed examination of the major sources of uncertainty, including instrumental errors, observational environmental constraints, data processing methods, as well as flux calculation errors. In recent years, the EC technique has been increasingly extended to measurements of multiple trace gas fluxes and integrated into unmanned aerial vehicle platforms, enabling observations over broader spatial scales and more heterogeneous landscapes. This development allows EC measurements to serve as an important “bridge” between ground-based observations and satellite-derived products. Nevertheless, several challenges remain, including the limited spatial representativeness of flux source areas, persistent issues with energy balance non-closure, and reduced measurement accuracy under complex terrain and extreme environmental conditions. Future developments of eddy covariance systems are expected to focus on improving measurement accuracy, enhancing data processing algorithms, expanding application domains, and advancing the development of low-power, miniaturized, and automated systems, thereby better supporting in-depth investigations of ecosystem water, heat, and carbon fluxes in the context of global environmental change.