地球科学进展 ›› 2025, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (12): 1267 -1282. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2025.101

地质资源与开发利用 上一篇    下一篇

奈曼天然碱矿开采—加工过程中的技术挑战与应对策略
马渊1(), 邵建欣2, 闫艺航1, 刘程琳1, 杨颖1(), 于建国1()   
  1. 1.华东理工大学 国家盐湖资源综合利用工程技术研究中心,上海 200237
    2.中国石油辽河石油勘探局有限公司,辽宁 盘锦 124010
  • 收稿日期:2025-09-01 修回日期:2025-11-30 出版日期:2025-12-10
  • 通讯作者: 杨颖,于建国 E-mail:Y11210001@mail.ecust.edu.cn;yyang@ecust.edu.cn;jgyu@ecust.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(U25A201445)

Technical Challenges and Strategies in the Mining and Processing of Naiman Trona Deposit

Yuan MA1(), Jianxin SHAO2, Yihang YAN1, Chenglin LIU1, Ying YANG1(), Jianguo YU1()   

  1. 1.National Engineering Research Center for Integrated Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
    2.Liaohe Petroleum Exploration Bureau Co. , Ltd. , CNPC, Panjin Liaoning 124010, China
  • Received:2025-09-01 Revised:2025-11-30 Online:2025-12-10 Published:2026-01-17
  • Contact: Ying YANG, Jianguo YU E-mail:Y11210001@mail.ecust.edu.cn;yyang@ecust.edu.cn;jgyu@ecust.edu.cn
  • About author:MA Yuan, research areas include high-efficiency separation and comprehensive utilization of brine resources. E-mail: Y11210001@mail.ecust.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U25A201445)

2023年内蒙古奈曼旗发现了世界第二、亚洲第一的特大型天然碱矿,探明天然碱资源量约20.77亿t,为我国纯碱产业结构优化带来重要机遇。全面梳理了国内外天然碱产业发展现状,阐明我国纯碱产业唯有大幅提升天然碱比重,才能具有国际竞争力。针对奈曼天然碱矿的共伴生油气储量高、盐碱伴生、埋藏深、倾角大等独特赋存特征,系统总结了该矿开发过程中面临的三大核心工程技术挑战:①奈曼天然碱矿油气富集于碱、盐矿层的晶格、裂隙和周围泥岩的孔隙以及层理缝中,在溶采过程中会造成石油严重乳化;②奈曼天然碱矿中近一半资源量为中低含盐天然碱矿,目前尚未掌握低成本的盐碱高效分离技术;③奈曼天然碱矿埋藏深、倾角大,存在漏斗区块,导致水平井建井困难。未来研究应聚焦高效绿色破乳剂研发、盐碱共伴生资源综合利用以及多学科融合下的高精度水平井建井技术,助力奈曼天然碱矿的高效开发利用。

In 2023, the Naiman trona deposit in Inner Mongolia was discovered, representing the second-largest trona deposit in the world and the largest in Asia, with proven trona resources estimated at approximately 2.077 billion tons. This discovery presents a significant opportunity for the restructuring of China’s soda ash industry. The global and domestic development status of trona was comprehensively reviewed, highlighting the necessity for China’s soda ash industry to significantly increase its reliance on trona to enhance its international competitiveness. Considering the distinctive geological characteristics and resource distribution of the Naiman trona deposit, characterized by high associated oil and gas reserves, co-occurrence with salt and soda, deep burial, and steep inclination, three major engineering challenges were posed during the development process. Hydrocarbons are enriched within the crystal lattices and fracture networks of trona and halite layers, as well as within the pore spaces and bedding fractures of the surrounding mudstone, resulting in severe oil emulsification during solution mining. Nearly half of the Naiman trona deposit is composed of low-to-moderate salinity trona, for which cost-effective and high-efficiency salt-soda separation technologies have yet to be developed. The engineering complexity of horizontal well construction is markedly increased by deep burial depth, steep formation dip, and the presence of funnel-shaped structural blocks. Future research should prioritize the development of high-performance and environmentally benign demulsifiers, the integrated and coordinated utilization of co-occurring salt and soda resources, and high-precision horizontal well construction technologies enabled by multidisciplinary integration, thereby supporting the efficient and sustainable exploitation of the Naiman trona deposit.

中图分类号: 

图1 世界主要天然碱矿分布图(据参考文献[917]修改)
Fig. 1 Global distribution of major trona depositsmodified after references917])
表1 世界天然碱储量及碳酸钠产量(天然碱法)818
Table 1 Global trona reserves and sodium carbonate productionnatural soda ash process818
表2 我国大型天然碱矿床
Table 2 Large trona deposits in China
表3 世界典型天然碱矿床7920
Table 3 Typical trona deposits worldwide7920
表4 奈曼天然碱矿床
Table 4 Naiman trona deposit
图2 奈曼天然碱矿地震剖面图
Fig. 2 Seismic profile of Naiman trona deposit
图3 奈曼天然碱矿分布特征25
Fig. 3 Distribution characteristics of Naiman trona deposit25
图4 奈曼天然碱矿油气显示及赋存状态(据参考文献[25]修改)
Fig. 4 Hydrocarbon evidences and occurrence modes within Naiman trona depositmodified after reference25])
表5 不同类型破乳剂的适用条件及优缺点对比
Table 5 Comparison of applicability and advantages/disadvantages of different demulsifiers
破乳剂类型代表类别/示例适用乳液类型优点局限性典型适用场景
传统破乳剂阴离子型破乳剂脂肪酸钠盐、烷基萘磺酸盐、烷基磺酸盐O/W成本低、工艺成熟用量大;高盐、强酸/碱条件下易失效含油污水、低盐度简单O/W乳液
阳离子型破乳剂季铵盐、阳离子聚合物O/W破乳效率高、协同性强低分子絮凝弱,高分子易过处理含油废水处理、中低稳定O/W体系
非离子型破乳剂聚醚类破乳剂W/O或O/W表面活性强,耐电解质性能好受原油黏度、组成及温度影响大;对复杂体系适应性差原油脱水、低—中黏度W/O乳液
新型高效破乳剂树枝状聚合物破乳剂PAMAM及其改性物O/W高稳定乳液结构可设计性强合成路径复杂、成本较高三元复合驱废水
磁性纳米破乳剂(MNPs)Fe3O4@C和Fe3O4@SiO2微细O/W乳液(直径d<20 μm)可磁回收、通过表面设计实现良好的耐盐碱性、效率高合成复杂;成本高微细含油废水
生物基破乳剂β-环糊精和壳聚糖衍生物O/W或W/O(依结构)可再生、低毒、环保性价比相对较低环保型工业废水
离子液体破乳剂咪唑鎓/季铵盐类O/W与W/O复杂乳液破乳效率高、耐盐性强回收困难、成本高难处理工业乳化废水
复合破乳剂磁性纳米复合、碳基复合体系高盐/高pH/高稳定乳液适用范围广、破乳效率高结构复杂、规模化应用受限工业含油废水、复杂油田采出液
温度响应型破乳剂NIPAM共聚物O/W或W/O可控性强、选择性破乳依赖温度窗口热采、返排液处理
pH响应型破乳剂Janus纳米颗粒O/W或重油乳液适应宽pH波动合成复杂、成本高含碱废水、复杂矿藏体系
图5 NaCl-Na2CO3 二元相图(据参考文献[57]修改)
Fig. 5 NaCl-Na2CO3 binary phase diagrammodified after reference57])
图6 溶采法开采天然碱矿工艺流程图(据参考文献[57]修改)
Fig. 6 Flowchart of trona mining process using solution mining methodmodified after reference57])
图7 水平井对接溶采示意图
Fig. 7 Schematic illustration of the horizontal-well docking solution-mining process
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