地球科学进展 ›› 2025, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (12): 1230 -1251. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2025.088

地质资源与开发利用 上一篇    下一篇

开鲁盆地奈曼超大型天然碱矿床的相带分布与形成机制
禚喜准1(), 杨雪2(), 邵建欣2, 庞力源2, 王立成3, 付文钊1, 郭鹏超2   
  1. 1.辽宁工程技术大学 地质系,辽宁 阜新 123000
    2.中国石油辽河油田分公司,辽宁 盘锦  124010
    3.中国科学院青藏高原研究所 青藏高原地球系统科学与资源环境全国重点实验室,北京 100101
  • 收稿日期:2025-09-01 修回日期:2025-11-11 出版日期:2025-12-10
  • 通讯作者: 杨雪 E-mail:zhuoxizhun@126.com;yangx3@petrochina.com.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(U2544210);地球深部探测与矿产资源勘查国家科技重大专项(2024ZD1001105)

Facies Distribution and Its Origin of the Naiman Super-Large Trona Deposit,Kailu Basin

Xizhun ZHUO1(), Xue YANG2(), Jianxin SHAO2, Liyuan PANG2, Licheng WANG3, Wenzhao FU1, Pengchao GUO2   

  1. 1.Department of Geology, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin Liaoning 123000, China
    2.SINOPEC Liaohe Oilfield Company, Panjin Liaoning 124010, China
    3.State Key laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
  • Received:2025-09-01 Revised:2025-11-11 Online:2025-12-10 Published:2026-01-17
  • Contact: Xue YANG E-mail:zhuoxizhun@126.com;yangx3@petrochina.com.cn
  • About author:ZHUO Xizhun, research areas include rocks weathering and the mechanism of sediment differentiation. E-mail: zhuoxizhun@126.com
  • Supported by:
    the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2544210);National Science and Technology Major Project for Deep Earth Exploration and Mineral Resources Exploration(2024ZD1001105)

地处华北北缘与中亚造山带交接部位的开鲁盆地奈曼凹陷,其九佛堂组下段的天然碱—盐岩等蒸发岩十分发育,形成了世界第二大天然碱矿床,成为东北亚地区早白垩世古气候与古环境的重要深时记录,然而天然碱的“源—汇”过程和成因尚不清楚。因此,开展了多尺度的沉积学研究,包括区域尺度盆山耦合、岩心尺度的沉积旋回以及微观薄片尺度的矿物共生组合等,分析了奈曼天然碱的物质来源、沉积相带分布、关键界面、沉积分异机制和天文旋回。研究表明,奈曼天然碱矿床类似于美国西部的绿河组碱矿,蒸发岩位于湖盆凹陷沉积中心的暗色泥岩层系内,具有陆源碎屑—碱土碳酸盐—天然碱—盐岩的“牛眼式”分带特征,沉积分异受溶解度和湖盆地貌高差的控制。奈曼天然碱矿床的形成主要涉及两个过程:首先,在气候湿润期湖盆周缘的大量中基性火山岩中淋滤出的Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、HCO3-和Cl-,以稀溶液形式注入湖盆,富含Na+-HCO3-的湖水大规模聚集,形成了碱土碳酸盐饱和的碱性咸水湖,为天然碱形成提供了物质来源;其次,湖盆在极端干旱气候条件下的高度浓缩,卤水达到天然碱—盐岩矿物的过饱和,最终在凹陷中心依次结晶析出。奈曼天然碱矿床具有泥页岩与蒸发岩互层的特征,反映了碱矿的发育具有多旋回性,湖平面存在多期波动。依据纹层尺度的蒸发岩沉积韵律和米兰科维奇旋回,推断主要的成碱期约为1.2 Ma,远小于九佛堂组下段的沉积时限(2.5 Ma)。奈曼凹陷天然碱矿床的“源—汇”沉积模式,将为类似Na-碳酸盐矿床的勘探开发提供借鉴。

The evaporites in the lower part of the Jiufotang Formation of Naiman Sag,Kailu Basin, were widely developed, forming the world’s second-largest trona deposits, which serve as important deep-time records of the Early Cretaceous palaeoclimate and palaeoenvironment in Northeast Asia. However, the genesis of the trona deposit and its source-to-sink processes are still unclear. In order to investigate the formation processes of soda ash, we carried out a multi-scaled investigation of the sedimentary route system, involving regional “basin-mountain coupling”, core-scaled sedimentary cyclothemes and thin section-scaled analysis of mineral assemblages. And the material sources, facies distribution, key interfaces and sedimentary differentiation mechanisms of the Naiman trona deposit were explored. The results show that the Naiman trona deposit is similar to the Green River Formation in the United States, and the evaporites were precipitated in the central depression where black shales were also widely developed. Evaporite facies conform approximately to a bull’s eye pattern with a zonation of terrigenous clasts, alkaline earth carbonate, surrounding a basin centre accumulation of Na-carbonate and halite, indicating that the depositional differentiation is controlled by the solubility and geomorphic elevation of the basin. The formation of Naiman trona deposits mainly involves two processes: firstly, the Na+-HCO3- rich brine accumulated in the lake during the humid period with large amounts of Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3-, Cl- leached from the intermediate-basic volcanic rocks around the periphery of the basin. Secondly, the lake basin was highly dried under extreme arid climate conditions, and the lake was saturated with trona-halite, which were precipitated sequentially in the center of the depression. The giant trona deposits are characterized by interbedded halite, trona, gypsum, and black shale, reflecting frequent fluctuations of the lake level and cyclicity of trona accumulation. The annual varves and Milankovitch cycle of evaporites in Naiman Sag indicate that the trona-accumulating period was about 1.2 Ma, much smaller than the depositional time of the lower part of the Jiufotang Formation (2.5 Ma). The source-to-sink depositional pattern of trona deposits in the Naiman Sag will provide a reference for the exploration and development of similar Na-carbonate evaporite deposits.

中图分类号: 

图1 奈曼凹陷区域地质背景、地质图以及地震剖面
(a)中国早白垩世气候分带图(据参考文献[14]修改);(b)开鲁盆地周围的白垩纪盆地和相应的隆升剥蚀区,显示侏罗系—下白垩统火山岩为开鲁盆地的主要母岩;(c) 华北白垩纪区域大地构造分区与岩浆活动分布12,展示了中生代岩浆活动时限从西向东逐渐年轻;(d)开鲁盆地的隆洼格局及奈曼凹陷位置;(e)奈曼凹陷的地震反射时间深度剖面及相应的蒸发岩沉积序列,安山岩位于蒸发岩沉积之下。
Fig. 1 Geological backgroundperipheral geological map and seismic profile of the Naiman Sag
(a) Climate distribution map of Early Cretaceous China (modified after reference [14]); (b) Cretaceous basins surrounding the Kailu Basin and corresponding uplifted and eroded areas, showing that Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous volcanic rocks serve as parent rocks; (c) Regional tectonics and distribution of magmatic activity in North China during the Cretaceous12, illustrating Mesozoic magmatic activities gradually get younger from west to east; (d) Uplift and depression pattern in the Kailu Basin and the location of the Naiman Sag; (e) Seismic reflection time-depth profile of the Naiman Sag and the corresponding evaporite sedimentary sequence, with andesite located beneath the evaporite deposits.
图2 奈曼凹陷九佛堂组岩性组合与沉积构造图版
(a)和(b)中粗砾岩,多为次圆—次棱角状,颗粒支撑—杂基支撑,反映砾岩主要为碎屑流沉积,R为岩屑颗粒;(c)盐岩—天然碱矿层夹薄层的黑色泥页岩; (d)和(e)为(c)的局部放大,其中(d)显示蒸发岩与暗色泥岩的互层;(e)堆晶结构的自形盐岩晶体。
Fig. 2 Lithological successions and sedimentary structures of Jiufotang Formation in Naiman Sag
(a) and (b) Medium-coarse conglomerates, mostly subrounded to subangular in shape, with particle-supported to matrix-supported textures, indicating primarily debris flow deposits, R is rock fragments; (c) Salt rock-trona ore layers interbedded with thin layers of black shale; (d) and (e) Close-ups of (c), where (d) displays interbedding of evaporite rocks and dark mudstones, while (e) shows euhedral salt rock crystals with a cumulate texture.
图3 奈曼凹陷九佛堂组沉积期构造演化剖面与碎屑颗粒组成
(a)九佛堂组上段发育期的盆地剖面与碎屑颗粒组成特征;(b)九佛堂组下段发育期的盆地剖面与碎屑颗粒组成特征;(c)义县组发育期的盆地剖面;(d)地质剖面走向分布。
Fig. 3 Structural evolution profile and detrital particle composition during the sedimentary period of Jiufotang Formation in Naiman Sag
(a) The basin profile and detrital particle composition characteristics of the upper Jiufotang Formation; (b) The basin profile and detrital particle composition characteristics of the lower Jiufotang Formation; (c) The basin profile of Yixian Formation; (d) Trend of the profile.
图4 奈曼凹陷九佛堂组碎屑岩的结构与矿物组成
(a)和(b)含碳酸盐砾岩, (a)25×(-), (b)25×(+);(c)和(d)云质细粒长石岩屑砂岩,(c)100×(-), (d)100×(+);(e)和(f)含碳酸盐中细粒长石岩屑砂岩,杂基支撑, (e)25×(-),(f)25×(+);(g)和(h)中粗粒岩屑砂岩,碎屑颗粒主要为次棱角状的中基性火山岩岩屑,杂基含量高,(g)25×(-),(h)25×(+)。Q为石英,F为长石,R为岩屑颗粒,Cal为方解石胶结物。
Fig. 4 The texture and mineral composition of the clastic rocks in the Jiufotang FormationNaiman Sag
(a) and (b) Carbonate-bearing conglomerate, (a) 25×(-), (b) 25×(+); (c) and (d) Cloudy fine-grained feldspar lithic sandstone, (c) 100×(-), (d) 100×(+); (e) and (f) Fine-grained feldspar lithic sandstone containing carbonate, supported by matrix, (e) 25×(-), (f) 25×(+); (g) and (h) Medium-coarse grained lithic sandstones, with detrital particles mainly consisting of subangular intermediate basic volcanic rock fragments, high content of matrices; (g) 25×(-), (h) 25×(+). Abbreviations:Quartz (Q), feldspar (F), rock fragments (R), Calcite cement (Cal).
图5 奈曼碱矿的岩性序列和矿物组合及现代碱湖的相带分布
(a)奈曼凹陷含碱序列的沉积韵律;(b)岩心A内碱矿层的局部放大;(c)~(e)分别为单偏光、正交偏光和阴极发光下的碱矿层微观结构照片,显示岩盐、石膏以及天然碱的共生,trona、Anh和Hl分别为天然碱、石膏和盐岩矿物;(f)达里诺尔碱湖及其附属盐盘,左侧可见广泛分布的“碱霜风化壳”与“碱卤高度浓缩”的“盐碱盘”;(g)吉林乾安县大布苏碱湖的航空照片,显示滨湖析碱与陆源泥砂注入共存,洼陷中心发育泡碱与芒硝;(h)为(g)对应的沉积相带分区。
Fig. 5 Lithological sequencemineral assemblages of the Naiman trona deposit and the facies zonation of modern alkali lakes
(a) The sedimentary rhythm of trona-bearing sequences in the Naiman Sag; (b) Close-up of trona layer in core A; (c)~(e) are the microstructure photos of trona layers under planed polarization, crossed polarization, and cathodoluminescence, respectively, showing the coexistence of rock salt, gypsum, and trona. Trona, Anh, and Hl are abbreviations for trona, gypsum, and salt rock minerals, respectively; (f) On the left side, there are widely distributed “trona crust” and “highly concentrated alkali brine” “alkali pans” for the Dali Nuoer Lake and its affiliated salt pans; (g) Aerial photograph of Dabusu Alkali Lake in Qian’an County, Jilin Province shows the coexistence of lakeshore trona precipitation and the injection of terrestrial mud-sand clastics, with the development of trona and salt-rocks in the depocenter; (h) The sedimentary facies zones corresponding to (g).
图6 奈曼凹陷天然碱矿床的相带分布
(a)奈曼凹陷九佛堂组下段沉积相图; (b)九佛堂组下段地层厚度与蒸发岩分布。
Fig. 6 Facies distribution of trona deposits in the Naiman Sag
(a) Sedimentary facies of the lower Jiufotang Formation in Naiman Sag; (b) Thickness and distribution of evaporites in the lower Jiufotang Formation.
图7 现代盐碱湖的关键成盐界面及成盐样式
(a)和(b)湖盆扩张期—收缩期的溶质获取与蒸发驱动概念模型;(a)丰水期主要离子组成与温度分层特征;(b)干涸期过饱和阶段的矿物析出和温度分层特征;(c)宽浅型的盐湖概念模型及其关键的成碱界面,展示了湖滨浅水成盐与洼陷带深水成盐共存,跟深水湖盆相比,容易干涸,碱矿层单层厚度小;(d)深盆—深水型盐湖概念模型,以卤水剖面厚度大的深水沉积为主,跟宽浅型的盐碱湖相比,形成碱矿层的单层厚度更大、分布更稳定;(e)和(f)固定离子组成的Na-碳酸盐矿物沉淀水化学模拟45,其中(e)为湖表与湖底卤水温度的季节变化,(f)为不同矿物的析出序列。
Fig. 7 The key interfaces for the deposition of evaporites and their accumulation pattern
(a) and (b) The conceptual models for solute acquisition and evaporation driving during the expansion-contraction period of the lake basin; (a) The main ion composition and temperature stratification characteristics during the wet period; (b) Mineral precipitation and temperature stratification characteristics during the oversaturation stage of the dry period; (c) The conceptual model of a wide and shallow salt lake and its key interfaces demonstrate the coexistence of shallow-water salt formation in the lake shore areas and deep-water salt formation in the depression zone, compared with deep-water lake basins, it is easier to dry up and the thickness of the alkaline mineral layer is smaller in a single layer; (d) The conceptual model of deep basin deep-water salt lake has thick brine profiles, compared with wide shallow saline-alkali lakes, the single-layer thickness and distribution of alkali mineral layers are larger and more stable; (e) and (f) is a numerical simulation of the precipitation hydrochemistry of Na-carbonate minerals with fixed ion composition45, (e) is the seasonal temperature variation in surface and bottom brines, and (f) is the precipitation sequence of different minerals in the lakes.
图8 开鲁盆地周缘岩浆活动与奈曼凹陷发育时限(据参考文献[265357]修改)
Fig. 8 The durations for the magma activity around the Kailu Basin and the formation of Naiman Sagmodified from references265357])
图9 奈曼凹陷奈35井九佛堂组下段的频谱分析与天文周期旋回
(a)奈35井九佛堂组下段岩性序列与405 ka旋回;(b)频谱分析与米兰科维奇旋回。
Fig. 9 Spectral analysis and astronomical cycle of the lower member of Jiufotang Formation in Well Nai35 of Naiman Sag
(a) The lithological sequence and 405 ka cycle of the lower Jiufotang Formation in Well Nai35; (b) Spectral analysis and Milankovitch cycle.
图10 基于“深部热液来源假说”的奈曼凹陷天然碱沉积演化模式
(a)和(c)分别为广水期和干涸浓缩期沉积模式;(b)为热液喷口的溶质组分与烟囱沉积物组成;(d)Na+-HCO3-稀溶液形成概念模型,假若没有长石等硅酸盐矿物水解,水体将显示弱酸性,因而地表或近地表处富含斜长石的土壤、火山岩等多孔介质是HCO3-形成的有利场所,水解反应方程式参见参考文献[76]。
Fig. 10 Evolutionary model of trona deposit in Naiman Sag based on thedeep hydrothermal source hypothesis
(a) and (c) are sedimentary models during the wet,dry periods, respectively; (b) The solute composition of the hydrothermal fluid and the mineral composition of the chimney; (d) A conceptual model is formed for the formation of Na+-HCO3- dilute solution. Without the hydrolysis of silicate minerals such as feldspar, the water will exhibit weak acidity. Therefore, porous media such as soil and volcanic rocks rich in plagioclase at or near the surface are favorable places for the formation of HCO3-. The hydrolysis reaction equation is based on reference [76].
图11 基于中基性火山岩风化假说的奈曼凹陷九佛堂组下段的源—汇过程概念模型
(a)和(b)分别为广水期和干涸浓缩期的沉积模式,注意成碱期的地表径流减少,Na+-HCO3-更多依靠地下潜流供给。
Fig.11 Conceptual model of source to sink processes in the lower Jiufotang Formation of Naiman Sag based on the hypothesis that Na+-HCO3- are derived from intermediate-basic volcanic rocks weathering
(a) and (b) represent the sedimentary models during wet, dry periods, respectively. Note the decline in surface runoff as the trona precipitated, with Na+-HCO3- mainly supplied by underground seepage.
表1 奈曼、塔木素与绿河组天然碱矿床地质特征对比
Table 1 Comparison of geological characteristics of NaimanTamusuand Green River Formation trona deposits
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