崩滑堰塞坝(湖)的地貌环境效应

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2010.09.0934

崩滑堰塞坝(湖)具有显著的地貌环境效应，这种效应在时间尺度上分为短期和长期2种，主要表现在河流水文过程、地貌演变、环境生态、景观等方面。堰塞坝形成初期河流原有生境受到干扰，河流生态和景观出现退化。堰塞体溃决强烈改变下游水文过程及河流地貌，严重冲击河流生境和生态，并可能对下游基础设施和群众生命财产造成灾难性破坏。长期稳定维持的堰塞坝深刻影响河流地貌过程，并显著改善河流生境、生态，提升景观水平。堰塞坝(湖)是河床持续下切、岸坡失稳而自然反馈形成的裂点，能增加河流阻力，控制河床下切，如能长期维持是河流健康稳定的促进因素。

关键词: 堰塞坝(湖), 裂点, 地貌过程, 环境生态, 效应

Landslide dams (dammed lakes) posses distinct geomorphologic and environmental effects, which can be grouped to short-term and long-term on time-scale, and mainly embody on hydrologic process, fluvial morphology, environment and ecology, and landscape. During the initial stage of landslide dams, the aquatic ecology and landscape often undergo some kinds of degradation since the pre-existing habitats were violently disturbed or even destroyed. Burst of landslide dams intensively change the hydrological process and fluvial morphology within a short time, and have strong negative impacts, even devastation, on downstream aquatic habitats, ecology and landscape. The landslide dams (dammed lakes) may be preserved for long term, and they will develop into knickpoints by long-term action of the flow, and act as a primary control of river bed incision, thus, reducing the potential of new landslide. Landslide dams (dammed lakes) which stably maintain in long-term scale greatly affect the fluvial morphology. Large knickpoints can totally change the fluvial processes and river morphology. Uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau has caused extensive channel bed incision along almost all rivers. For many rivers (such as the upstream Yangtze) the incision has been partly controlled by knickpoints. Upstream reaches of a knickpoint have a new and unchanging base level. If hundreds of landslide dams occurred simultaneously on a reach of a mountain river, the potential energy of bank failure and the slope erosion would be greatly reduced and sediment yield from the watershed might be reduced significantly. The long-term maintained dammed lakes can greatly enhance stream habitats, aquatic ecology, surrounding landscape, and sometimes cause a change in local micro-climate. Many dammed lakes have become favorable touring destination, and have potentiality for hydropower generation. Landslide dams (dammed lakes) are knickpoints formed by natural feedback to continually incision of stream bed and instability of bank slope, and they can increase flow resistance and control streambed incision, and is a promotional factor to river stability and health. 

Key words: Landslide dams (dammed lakes), Knick points, Fluvial processes, Environment and ecology, Effects

中图分类号:

P642.2
X14

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摘要

Geomorphology and Environment Effects of Landslide Dams (Dammed Lakes)