青藏高原隆起和高山栎组（壳斗科）分布的关系

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2003.06.0884

高山栎是一类硬叶常绿的栎属植物，集中分布在横断山区，是这一地区群落中的优势种和建群种。高山栎组分布区的形成和喜马拉雅的隆起、横断山的形成有密切关系。讨论了这种相互关系。先清理了高山栎分类学的混乱，将原来的12种高山栎归并为 9种，在此基础上讨论了高山栎的现代分布和系统位置，总结分析了高山栎的地史资料。认为高山栎组植物出现的时间不晚于中新世，在中新世高山栎组已经有了较广的分布，分布在当时的亚热带常绿阔叶林。在上新世，随着喜马拉雅山脉的隆起和抬升，横断山地区的环境发生了巨大的变化，环境变冷、变旱。高山栎组植物由于自身所具有的抗寒耐旱的形态特征，如被较厚的毛被，单位面积气孔数目较少等使之在生物竞争中成为优胜者，而逐步成为横断山地区群落中的优势种和建群种。并以已有地质学、古植物学、形态解剖学、植物地理学和分子生物学的证据论证了这一假说。

关键词: 栎属, 高山栎组, 横断山, 喜马拉雅

Quercus sect. Heterobalanus (Oerst.) Menits. is a group of oaks consisting of 9 species. They are distributed from Chiang Mai in Thailand to southwest China, Burma, India, Bhutan, Nepal and Afghanistan. However, they are mainly concentrated in eastern Himalayan areas, particularly in the Hengduan Mountains. They are dominant elements in vegetation types of Hengduan mountains. Relationships between the distributions of the section and uplift of Himalayas are discussed in the present paper. Taxonomical revision is carried out at first and 12 species of the section are reduced to 9. Based on taxonomical revision, the modern distribution, fossil history and systematic position of the section are discussed. The fossil record of this section extended back to the Miocene. Early fossil oaks of this section were found mixed with other oaks or Fagaceae, which formed evergreen broad-leaf forests in subtropical region of China and east Asia. The younger fossil (the Late Miocene) records showed that oaks of this section had become the dominant element in floras. A hypothesis was proposed that Sect. Heterobalanus had its origins in these subtropical broad-forests. This type of forest was widely distributed in many regions including the Hengduan Mountains. After the Tertiary Indian plate collided with Eurasia it caused the uplifting of Himalayas and the formation of the Hengduan Mountains where the climate became cold and dry. Such an environment was not ideal for most broad-leaf evergreen trees. However, oaks of sect. Heterobalanus, having obvious xerophytic characters such as dense hairs, thick cuticles, lignified epidermal cell walls and cuticles, and low stomatal density, were adapted to such an environment and therefore became dominant elements in the Hengduan Mountain regions. This hypothesis is partly supported by modern distribution, fossil history and AFLP evidences.

Key words: Quercus , sect, Heterobalanus, Hengduan mountains, Himalayas.

中图分类号:

Q948.2

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摘要

RELATIONSHIPS RETWEEN THE DISTRIBUTIONS OF QUERCUS SECT HETEROBALANUS(FAGACEAE)AND UPLIFT OF HIMALAYAS