造山带逆冲推覆构造研究的主要新进展

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2000.04.0426

造山带逆冲推覆构造研究是造山带研究中最为重要的课题之一。造山带外带即前陆褶皱冲断带(主要发育盖层冲断推覆体,一般遵循薄皮构造变形规则)与造山带内带(主要是基底褶皱推覆体,呈现厚皮构造变形规律)结晶逆冲推覆构造的几何学、运动学特征存在较大差异,二者形成机制也不相同,但其间仍有紧密的联系。近20年来造山带逆冲推覆构造研究的主要新进展为:①前陆褶皱冲断带逆冲断层及其相关褶皱的几何学特征分析已趋定量化,对其组合类型与演化时序有了更全面的认识,且对前陆褶皱冲断带的发展演化模式取得了新的共识,即遵循临界库仑楔模式;②平衡剖面技术在前陆褶皱冲断带的应用已从二维平衡与复原演进到三维平衡与复原,且日渐计算机化;③对造山带内带结晶基底逆冲推覆构造的主要类型(C型与F型逆冲岩席)及其特征已有较深的理解;④对前陆褶皱冲断带与结晶基底逆冲构造的相互关系及其形成演化模式有了新认识。目前造山带逆冲推覆构造研究过程中存在的主要问题为:①造山带内带结晶逆冲推覆构造的研究比较薄弱;②造山带晚期走滑构造及伸展构造的叠加与改造使得造山带内结晶逆冲推覆构造更为复杂化,致使其研究难度加大;③全面、精细的造山带深部地球物理资料较缺乏;④造山带内结晶逆冲岩席变形变质历史与超高压变质岩的形成机制及折返过程之间的关系尚未揭示清楚。在今后研究过程中应加强对上述问题的深入研究。

关键词: 造山带, 前陆褶皱冲断带, 盖层冲断推覆体, 基底褶皱推覆体

The researches on the thrust and nappe tectonics of orogenic belts are one of the important problems in the studies of orogenic belts. Cover thrust nappes, developing mainly in the outer part of the orogenic belts or the foreland fold and thrust belts, formed by the rule of thin-skinned tectonics; however,basement fold nappes, occurring mainly in the inner part of the orogenic belts, developed by the rule of thick-skinned tectonics. Although there are many big differences not only in their geometric and kinematic characteristics but also in their mechanics of formation, cover thrust nappes are directly related to base-ment fold nappes. The major progresses in the researches on the thrust and nappe tectonics of orogenic belts ,made in the last two decades, are summarized as follows:①apart from that the analyses of the geometric characteristics of the thrusts and their related folds in the foreland fold and thrust belts have become quantified, more comprehensive knowledge of their composite types and developing sequences has come to its existence, and common senses of the development models of the foreland fold and thrust belts have been achieved, which agree to the critical Coulomb taper model;②the techniques of cross-section balancing and restoring ,applied in the foreland fold and thrust belts, have changed from 2-dimensional approaches to 3-dimensional ones and become more and more computerized;③more deep understanding of the main types of the crystalline basement thrust and nappe tectonics C-type and F-type thrust sheets and their characteristics in the inner part of orogenic belts has been obtained;④new knowledge of the relationship between foreland fold and thrust belts and the crystalline basement thrust and nappe tectonics in the inner part of
orogenic belts and of their development models has uncovered. So far the key problems lying in the studies of the above-mentioned topics include:①the studies of the crystalline basement thrust and nappe tectonics in the inner part of orogenic belts are relatively weak;②the crystalline basement thrust and nappe tectonics in the inner part of orogenic belts became more complicated as result of their being overlapped and reformed by the strike-slip tectonics and the extensional tectonics formed in the late stage of orogenic belts,which make the studies of that more difficult;③more comprehensive and detailed deep geophysical data is short;④the relationship between the deformational and metamorphic history of the crystalline thrust sheets in orogenic belts and the formation mechanism and the exhumation process of UHP metamorphic rocks is still unclear. The above-mentioned problems should be paid more attention to, which also will become the studies trends in this field in the near future.

Key words: Orogenic belts, Foreland fold and thrust belts, Cover thrust nappes, Basement fold nappes.

中图分类号:

P542+.2

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摘要

THE MAJOR PROGRESSES IN THE RESEARCHES ON THE THRUST AND NAPPE TECTONICS OF OROGENIC BELTS