[1]Yu Qixiang. Study of drought or drought disaster problems in China[J].China Water Resources,2003，4（A）：67-69.[于琪祥.对我国干旱及旱灾问题的思考[J].中国水利，2003，4（A）:67-69.]
[2]Yao Guozhang, Yuan Min. International experience of constructing early drought warning system[J].China Emergency Management,2010，（3）：43-48.[姚国章，袁敏.干旱预警系统建设的国际经验与借鉴[J].中国应急管理，2010，（3）：43-48.]
[3]Zhang Qiang, Li Yu, Chen Lihua. The main Features of contemporary climate change issues and their coping strategies and priorities[J].Journal of Desert Research,2011,31(2):492-499.[张强，李裕，陈丽华.当代气候变化的主要特点和关键问题及其应对策略[J]. 中国沙漠，2011,31(2)：492-499.]
[4]Zhang Jiatuan, Qu Yanping. Drought discipline and strategy of drought relief in recent 30 years in China[J].China Flood & Drought Management,2008,（5）：47-52.[张家团，屈艳萍.近30年来中国干旱灾害演变规律及抗旱减灾对策探讨[J]. 中国防汛抗旱，2008,（5）：47-52.]
[5]Zhang Qiang, Deng Zhenyong. The impacts of global climatic change on the agriculture in Northwest China[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2008,28(3)：1 210-1 218.[张强，邓振镛. 全球气候变化对我国西北地区农业生产的影响[J]. 生态学报，2008,28(3)：1 210-1 218.]
[6]Abbe C. Drought[J].Monthly Weather Review,1894, 22:323-324.
[7]Dracup J A, Glantz M H. Understanding the drought phenomenon: The role of definitions[J].Water International,1985,10(3):111-120.
[8]Burke E J, Brown S J, Christidis N. Modeling the recent evolution of global drought and projections for the TwentyFirst  century with the hadley centre climate model[J]. Journal of Hydrometeorology,2006,(7):1 113-1 125.
[9]Dracup J A,Lee K S,Paulson Jr E G. On the definition of droughts[J].Water Resoure Research,1980,16(2):297-302.
[10]Beran M A, Rodier J A. Hydrological aspects of drought. UNBSCO-WMO[M]∥Studies and Reports in Hydrology No.39. UNESCO, France: Paris, 1985.
[11]Hounam C E, Burgos J J,Kalik M S,et al.Drought and Agriculture[Z]. WMO Technical Notes 138, 1975: 127.
[12]Wilhite D A, Glantz M H. Understanding the drought phenomenon: The role of definitions[J].Environment Studies,1985,10(3):41-54.
[13]Wihite D A. Drought as a natural hazard: Concepts and definitions[M]∥Wihite D A ed.Drought: A Global Assessment. Routledge, 2000:3-8.
[14]Cui Donglin. Study on Regional Continual Objective of Meteorological Drought Events and Changes of Identification[D]. Lanzhou:Lanzhou University, 2010:34-35.[崔冬林.近50年中国区域连续性气象干旱事件的客观识别及变化研究[D].兰州:兰州大学，2010:34-35.]
[15]Liu Changming. Study of some problems in water cycle changes of the Yellow River Basin[J].Advances in Water Science,2004,15(5):608-614.[刘昌明.黄河流域水循环演变若干问题的研究[J].水科学进展,2004,15(5):608-614.]
[16]Yeh Tu cheng,Wetherald R T, Manabe S. A mode of the shortterm climate and hydrologie effects of sudder snow cover removal[J].Monthly Weather Review,1983,111(5):1 013-1 024.
[17]Zhang Qiang, Zhao Yingdong, Zhang Cunjie, et al. ISSUES about hydrological cycle and water resource in arid region of Northwest China[J].Arid Meteorology,2008，26（2）:1-8.[张强，赵映东，张存杰,等.西北干旱区水循环与水资源问题[J].干旱气象，2008，26（2）:1-8.]
[18]Ren Zhenqiu. Discussion of some questions on global change[J].Advance in Earth Sciences,1996, 6(3):333-343.[任振球. 当代气候变化若干问题商榷[J].地球科学进展，1996,6(3):333-343.]
[19]Zhang Qiang, Hu Yinqiao, Cao Xiaoyan, et al. On some problems of arid climate system of Northwest China[J].Journal of Desert Research,2000,20(4):357-362.[张强，胡隐樵，曹晓彦,等.关于我国西北干旱气候的若干问题[J].中国沙漠，2000,20（4）：357-362.]
[20]Zhang Qiang. Relationship between atmospheic circulation and interaction of Oasis and China Northwest arid environment[C]∥Liu Xiaodong ed. Study on the Regional Climate of China Northwest. Lanzhou: Lanhzhou University Press, 1995:50-56.[张强. 西北干旱环境与绿洲的相互作用及与大气环境的关系[C]∥刘晓东编.中国西部区域气候题研究.兰州:兰州大学出版社，1995:50-56.][21]Charney J G. Dynamics of desert and drought in the Sahel[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,1975,101(428):193-202.
[22]Zhang Qiang, Han Yongxiang, Song Lianchun. The summerize of development of global climate chang and its effect factors[J].Advances in Earth Science, 2005，20（9）:999-1 011.[张强，韩永翔，宋连春.论全球气候变化及影响因素研究进展综述[J].地球科学进展，2005，20（9）:999-1 011.]
[23]Kahva E, Draeup J A. US streamflow pattern in relation to the El-Nino southern oscillation[J].Water Resource Research,1993, 29(8): 2 491-2 503.
[24]Luo Zhexian, Yu Hui. Numerical study on effects of vegetation area on local climate[J].Journal of Gansu Meteorology,1995,13(2):1-5.
[罗哲贤,余晖. 植被面积对局地气候影响的数值研究[J].甘肃气象，1995,13(2):1-5.]
[25]Cao Hongxing, Mao Xianmin, Li Fengyi. Climate and Desertization[M]. Beijing:Meteorology Press, 1988:1-4.[曹鸿兴,毛贤敏,李风翼. 气候与沙漠化.[M].北京：气象出版社，1988:1-4.]
[26]Yevjevich V, Hall W A, Salas L D. Drought Research Needs. Water Resources Publications[M]. Highlands Ranch, USA: Colorado, 1978.
[27]Condra G E. Drought: Its Effect and Measures of Control in Nebraska. Nebraska Conservation Bull.25, Conservation and Survey Division[M]. Lincoln NE: University of Nebraska, 1944.
[28]Chang T J, Kleopa X A. A proposed method for drought monitoring[J].Water Resources Bulletin,1991, 27(2): 275-281.
[29]Cheng Dianlong. Drought and drought countermeasures[J].China Water Resources,2000，(7):4-5.[程殿龙.旱情与抗旱对策的思考[J].中国水利，2000，(7): 4-5.]
[30]Keyantash J, Dracup J A. The quantification of drought: An evaluation of drought indices[J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2002,83(8):1 167-1 180.
[31]Richard R, Heim J R．A review of twentiethcentury drought indexs used in the United States[J].Bulletin of American Meteorological Society,2002, 83(8)：1 149-1 165.
[32]Henry A J. The Climatology of the United States[M]. Washington DC:U.S. Weather Bureau Bulletin Q, 1906: 51-58.
[33]Steila D. Drought[C]∥Oliver  J E, Fairbridge R W, eds. The Encyclopedia of Climatology Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1987: 388-395.
[34]Munger T T.Graphic method of representing and comparing drought intensities[J].Monthly Weather Review,1916, (44): 642-643.
[35]Kincer J B. The seasonal distribution of precipitation and its frequency and intensity in the United States[J].Monthly Weather Review,1919, (47): 624-631.
[36]Blumenstock G Jr. Drought in the United States Analyzed by Means of the Theory of Probability[M]. Washington DC: United States Deptmeut  of Agriculture, 1942.
[37]Marcovitch S. The measure of droughtiness[J].Monthly Weather Review,1930, (58): 113.
[38]Thornthwaite C W. The climates of North America according to a new classification[J].Geography Review,1931,21: 633-655.
[39]Thornthwaite C W. An approach toward a rational classification of climate[J].Geograply Review,1948, 38(1): 55-94.
[40]van Bavel C H M, Verlinden F J. Agricultural Drought in North Carolina[M]. Technical Bulletin 122, North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, 1956: 60.
[41]Dickson R R. A note on the computation of agricultural drought days[J].Weekly Weather and Crop Bulletin,1958,XLV: 7-8.
[42]McQuigg J. A simple index of drought conditions[J].Weatherwise,1954, (7): 64-67.
[43]Waggoner M L, O’Connell T J. Antecedent precipitation index[J].Weekly Weather and Crop Bulletin,1956, XLIII: 6-7.
[44]World Meteorological Organization. Drought and Agriculture[M]. WMO Note 138, Public WMO-392, Switzerland: Geneva, 1975: 127.
[45]Thornthwaite C W, Mather J R. The water budget and its use in irrigation[C]∥Stefferud A, eds.Water-Yearbook of Agriculture.  U.S. Dept. of Agriculture,1955: 346-358.
[46]McGuire J K, Palmer W C. The 1957 drought in the eastern United States[J].Monthly Weather Review,1957, 85(9): 305-314.
[47]Palmer W C.Meteorological Drought[R]. Research Paper No.45. Washington DC:U.S. Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau, 1965: 45-58.
[48]Kogan F N. Droughts of the late 1980s in the United States as derived from NOAA polar-orbiting satellite data[J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,1995, 76: 655-668.
[49]Hu Q,Willson G D. Effects of temperature anomalies on the Palmer drought severity index in the central United States[J].International Journal of Climatology,2000, 20:1 899-1 911.
[50]Doesken N J, Garen D. Drought Monitoring in the Western United States Using a Surface Water Supply Index. Preprints[C]∥Seventh Conference on Applied Climatology. Salt Lake City, UT, American Meteorological Society, 1991: 266-269.
[51]Guttman N B. A sensitivity analysis of the Palmer Hydrologic Drought Index[J].Water Resourles Bulletin,1991, 27(5): 797-807.
[52]Alley W M. The palmer drought severity index as a measure of hydrological drought[J].Water Resources Bulletin,1985, 21(1）: 105-114.
[53]Guttman N B.Comparing the palmer drought index and the standardized precipitation index[J].Journal of the American Water Resouries Association,1997,34(1): 113-121.
[54]Keetch J J, Byram G M. A Drought Index for Forest Fire Control[M]. USDA Forest Service Research Paper SE38, Asheville, NC: Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, 1968: 33.
[55]Shear J A, Steila D. The assessment of drought intensity by a new index[J].Geography,1974, 13: 195-201.
[56]Garen D C. Revised Surface-Water Supply Index for western United States[J].Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management,1993,119(4): 437-454.
[57]Zierl B． A water balance model to simulate drought in forested ecosystems and it’s a Dplication to the entire forested area in Switzerland[J].Journal of Hydrology,2001, 242(1/2)：115-136.
[58]Yang Xiaoli, Yang Xingguo. The complex evaluating index for main crops′ drought disasters and its multiple time scales analysis in Longdong Loess Plateau[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2009, 27（2）:17-27.[杨小利, 杨兴国. 陇东主要农作物旱灾综合评估指数的多时间尺度分析[J].干旱地区农业研究，2009，27（2）:17-27.]
[59]Navuth T E. Drought Management in the Lower Mekong Basin[C]∥3rd Southeast Asia Water Forum, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 22-26 October 2007.
[60]Arab D.Developing an Integrated Drought Monitoring System Based on Socioeconomic Drought in a Transboundary River Basin: A Case Study[C]∥World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2010: Challenges of Change，Planning and Management Council, Providence, Rhode Island，May 16-20, 2010: 2 754-2 761.
[61]Houorou H N, Popov G F, See L. Agrobioclimatic of Africa[M]. Agrometeorology Series Working Paper 6, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy, 1993: 227. 
[62]Gommes R, Petrassi F. Rainfall Variability and Drought in SubSaharan Africa Since 1960[M]. Agrometeorology Series Working Paper 9, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy, 1994: 100.
[63]Leathers D J. An evaluation of severe soil moisture droughts across the northeast United States[C]∥Preprints. 10th Conference on Applied Climatology. Reno, NV, American Meteorology Society, 1997: 326-328.
[64]An Shunqing,Xing Jiuxing. Application of modified palmer drought severity index[J].Meteorological,1985，11（12）:17-19.[安顺清,邢久星.修正的帕默尔干旱指数及其应用[J]. 气象，1985，11（12）:17-19.]
[65]Liu Gengshan, Guo Anhong, An Shunqing. Research progress in Palmer drought severity index and its application[J].Journal of Natural Disaster,2004，13（4）：21-27.[刘庚山，郭安红，安顺清.帕默尔干旱指数及其应用研究进展[J].自然灾害学报，2004，13（4）：21-27.]
[66]Yang Xiaoli, Liu Gengshan, Yang Xingguo,et al. The modification of palmer drought severity model for Gansu Loess Plateau[J].Arid Meteorology,2005，23（2）:8-12.[杨小利，刘庚山，杨兴国，等.甘肃黄土高原帕尔默旱度模式的修正[J].干旱气象，2005， 23（2）:8-12.]
[67]Wang Jinsong,Feng Jianying. Prelimilary research on runoff drought index in Hexi area of Gansu province[J].Meteorological,2000，26(6)：3-7.[王劲松，冯建英．甘肃省河西地区径流量干旱指数初探[J]．气象，2000，26(6)：3-7．]
[68]Pang Wancai, Zhou Jinlong, Wang Guizhi. An approach to estimation and detection of drought[J]. Meteorological,2005，31(10): 32-34．[庞万才，周晋隆，王桂芝．关于干旱监测评估指标的一种新探讨[J]．气象，2005，31(10): 32-34．]
[69]Yuan Wenping, Zhou Guangsheng. Comparison between standardized precipitation index and Z-index in China[J]. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,2004，28 (4)：523-529.[袁文平，周广胜．标准化降水指标与Z指数在我国应用的对比分析[J]．植物生态学报， 2004，28 (4)：523-529．]
[70]Zhang Qiang, Gao Ge. The spatial and temporal features of drought and flood disasters in the past 50 years and monitoring and warning services in China[J].Science & Technology Review, 2004,（7）：21-24.[张强，高歌.我国近50年旱涝灾害时空变化及监测预警服务[J].科技导报，2004,（7）：21-24.]
[71]Fan Gaofeng, Miao Changming, Mao Yuding. Application of drought indexes to dryness assessment in Zhejiang province[J]. Meteorological, 2006，32（2）：70-74.[樊高峰，苗长明，毛裕定.干旱指标及其在浙江省干旱监测分析中的应用[J].气象，2006，32（2）：70-74.]
[72]McKee T B, Doesken N J, Kleist J. Drought monitoring with multiple time scales[C]∥Proceedings of the 9th Conference on Applied Climatology. Dallas, TX. American Meteorological Society. 1995: 233-236.
[73]Keyantash J A, Dracup J A. An aggregate drought index: Assessing drought severity based on fluctuations in the hydrologic cycle and surface water storage[J].Water Resources Research,40, W09304, 2004, doi:10.1029/2003WR002610.
[74]Ghulam A, Li Z L, Qin Q, et al. Exploration of the spectral space based on vegetation index and albedo for surface drought estimation[J].Journal of Applied Remote Sensing,2007, 1:013529.
[75]Ghulam A, Qin Q, Zhan Z. Designing of the perpendicular drought index[J].Environmental Geology,2007, 52(6): 1 045-1 052.
[76]Brown J F,Wardlow B D, Tadesse T,et al. The Vegetation Drought Response Index (VegDRI): A new integrated approach for monitoring drought stress in vegetation[J].GIScience and Remote Sensing, 2008, 45(1): 16-46.
[77]Svoboda M. An introduction to the drought monitor[J].Drought Network News,2000, (12): 15-20.
[78]Niemeyer S, de Jager A, Kurnik B, et al. Current State of Development of the European Drought Observatory[M]. Geophysical Research Abstracts, 2009, 11: EGU2009-12802.
[79]Jeyaseelan A T. Drought and Floods Assessment and Monitoring Using Remote Sensing and GIS, Satellite Remote Sensing and GIS Applications in Agricultural Meteorology[M]. Proceedings of the Training Dehra Dun, India, Workshop 7-11 July, 2003: 291-313.
[80]Linsley R K Jr, Kohler M A, Paulhus J. Hydrology for Engineers (second edn)[M]. New York: McGraw-Hill,1975.
[81]Foley J C. Droughts in Australia Review of Records from Earliest Years of Settlement to 195[M].Melbourne, Australia: Bureau of Meteorology,1957.
[82]Gibbs W J, Maher J V. Rainfall Deciles as Drought Indicators[M].Melbourne, Australia: Bureau of Meteorology, 1967.
[83]Bhalme H N, Mooley D A. Largescale drought/floods and monsoon circulation[J].Monthly Weather Review,1908, 108:1 197-1 211.
[84]Van Rooy M P. A rainfall anomaly index independent of time and space[J].Notes,1965,(14):43-48.
[85]Hayes M J, Svoboda M D, Wilhite D A,et al. Monitoring the 1996 drought using the Standardized Precipitation Index[J].Bulletin American Meteorology Society,1999, 80(2): 429-438.
[86]Tsakiris G, Pangalou D, Vangelis H. Regional drought assessment based on the Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI)[J]. Water Resources Management,2007, 21(5):821-833.
[87]Bonacci O.Hydrological identification of drought[J].Hydro  Processes,1993, 7(3): 249-262.
[88]Draeup J A, Fee K S, Paulson E G Jr. On definitions of droughts[J].Water Resouries Research,1980, 16(2): 297-302.
[89]Shafer B A, Dezman L E. Development of a Surface Supply Index (SWSI) to Assess the Severity of Dorought Condition in Snowpack Runoff Areas[C]∥Proceedings of  50th Western Snow Conference. Reno,NV, 1982: 164-175.
[90]Stahl K. Hydrological Drought—A Study Across Europe[M].Freiburg: Albert-Ludwigs Universitat Freiburg, 2001: 121.
[91]Rawls W J, Ahuja R, Brakensiek D L. Climatology, handbook of hydrology[C]∥Maidment D R ed. McGraw-Hill, 1993:2.1-2.44.
[92]Palmer W C. Keeping track of crop moisture conditions, nationwide: The new crop moisture index[J]. Weatherwise,1968, (21): 156-161.
[93]Karl T R. The sensitivity of the palmer drought severity index and palmer’s Z-Index to their calibration coefficients including potential evapotranspiration[J].Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology,1986, (25): 77-86.
[94]Yao Zhensheng, Yu Guo. Climatic Statistics[M]. Beijing: China Meteorological Press, 1990: 954.[么枕生, 裕国. 气侯统计[M]. 北京：气象出版社，1990: 954.]
[95]Heddinghaus T R, Sabol P. A review of the Palmer Drought Severity Index and where do we go from here?[C]∥Preprints, Seventh Conference on Applied Climatology. Salt Lake City, UT, American Meteorological Society,1991: 242-246.
[96]Bergman K H, Sabol P, Miskus D. Experimental Indices for Monitoring Global Drought Conditions. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Climate Diagnositics[C]. Workshop, Cambridge, Boston, Mass,U.S. Deptment of Commerece, 1988: 190-197.
[97]Wang Jinsong, Guo Jiangyong, Qing Jizu. Application of a kind of K Drought Index in the spring drought analysis in Northwest China[J]. Journal of Natural Resources,2007,22（5）：709-717.[王劲松，郭江勇，倾继祖．一种Ｋ干旱指数在西北地区春旱分析中的应用[J]．自然资源学报，2007,22（5）：709-717.]
[98]Marletto V, Zinoni F, Botarelli L, et al. Studio dei fenomeni siccitosi in Emilia-Romagna con il modello di bilancio idrico CRITERIA[J].Rivista Italianadi Agrometeorologia,2005, 10(1): 32-33.
[99]Tucker C J, Choudhury B J. Satellite remote sensing of drought conditions[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,1987, 23: 243-251.
[100]Kogan F N. Applicarion of vegetation index and brightness temperature for drought detection[J]. Advances in Space Research,1995, 15(11): 91-100.
[101]Peters A J, WalterShea, Ji E A, et al. Drought monitoring with NDVI-based standardized vegetation index, Photogramm[J].Engineering Remote Sensing,2002, 68: 71-75.
[102]Ghulam A, Qin Q, Teyip T, et al. Modified Perpendicular Drought Index (MPDI): A real-time drought monitoring method[J].ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,2007, 62: 150-164.
[103]Panu U S, Sharma T C. Challenges in drought research: Some perspectives and future directions[J]. Hydrotogical Sciences Journal—des Sciences Hydrologiques, 2002, 47(S): 19-30.
[104]Byun H R, Wilhite D A. Objective quantification of drought severity and duration[J]Journal of Climate,1999, 12(9)：2 747-2 756．
[105]Heim R R Jr.A review of twentiethcentury drought indices used in the United States[J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,2002, (83): 1 149-1 165.
[106]Svoboda M, LeComte D, Hayes M, et al. The drought monitor[J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,2002, (83): 1 181-1 190. 
[107]McKee T B, Doesken N J, Kleist J. The relationship of drought frequency and duration to time scales[C]. Preprints, Eighth Conference on Applied Climatology. Anaheim, CA, American Meteorelogy Society, 1993:179-184.
[108]Eriyagama N, Smakhtin V, Gamage N. Mapping Drought Patterns and Impacts: A Global Perspective[M]. International Water Management Institute, 2009: 23.
[109]Heim R R. Drought indices: A review[C]∥Wilhite D A ed. Dronght:A Global Assessment. London: Routledge, 2000: 159-167.
[110]Tallaksena L M,  Madsenb H, Clausenc B. On the definition and modelling of streamflow deficit duration and deficit volume[J].Hydrological Sciences Journal,1997, 42(1): 15-33.
[111]Zhang Xiang, Xia Jun, Jia Shaofeng. Water security of drought period and its risk assessment[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2005, 36(9):1 138-1 142.[张翔,夏军,贾绍凤.干旱期水安全及其风险评价研究[J].水利学报,2005,36(9):1 138-1 142.]
[112]Zhang Qiang,Wang Sheng. Processes of water transfer over land surface in arid and semi-arid region of China[J].Arid Meteorology,2007,25（2）:1-4.[张强，王胜.关于干旱和半干旱区陆面水分过程的研究[J].干旱气象，2007,25（2）: 1-4.
[113]Zhang Qiang, Wang Sheng, Zeng Jian. On the non-rained landsurface water components and their relationship with soil moisture content in arid region[J].Arid Zone Research,2010, 27（3）:1-9.[张强，王胜，曾剑.论干旱区非降水性陆面液态水分分量及其与土壤水分关系[J].干旱区研究，2010, 27（3）:1-9.]
[114]Hayes M J, Alword C, Lowrey J. Drought indices[J].Intermountain West Climate Summary,2007, 3(6): 2-6.
[115]Bayarjargal Y, Karnieli A, Bayasgalan M,et al. A comparative study of NOAAAVHRR derived drought indices using change vector analysis[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2006,105(3/4): 9-22.
[116]Zhang Qiang, Zhang Cunjie, Bai Huzhi,et al. New development of climate change in northwest China and its impact on arid environment[J].Arid Meteorology,2010，28（1）:1-7.[张强，张存杰，白虎志.西北地区气候变化新动态及对干旱环境的影响[J].干旱气象，2010，28（1）:1-7.]
[117]Zhang Qiang, Hu Xiangjun, Wang Sheng, et al. Some technological and scientific issues about the experimental study of land surface processes in Chinese loess plateau(LOPEX)[J].Advances in Earth Science, 2009，24(4):363-371.[张强，胡向军，王胜.黄土高原陆面过程试验研究（LOPEX）有关科学问题[J].地球科学进展，2009，24(4):363-371.]