土壤碳固定与生物活性：面向可持续土壤管理的新前沿

土壤碳固定研究是近10年土壤学研究的重要前沿,而可持续管理的土壤固碳是当前应对气候变化和全球土壤退化的重大需求。从土壤有机碳的生态系统功能及服务出发,分析了土壤碳固定与土壤功能及生物活性的关联,评述了当前土壤碳固定与微生物活性变化的认识,探讨了土壤团聚体尺度土壤固碳与生物活性的关系,并以水稻土为例讨论了土壤碳固定中团聚体过程及其有机碳—微生物—生物活性的演进关系,提出了土壤碳库稳定性与生物活性的协同关系及其表征问题,特别是如何通过有机质—微生物—酶活性的团聚体分布揭示土壤碳固定的本质,以及良好管理下土壤固碳与生态系统功能的协同特征及其管理途径等优先科学问题。借助非破坏团聚体分组技术和现代微域原位观察分析技术,土壤学已经能从团聚体尺度深入研究土壤固碳与生物活性的土壤机制,这将全面地揭示土壤固碳对于生态系统过程、功能及服务的影响特质,进而为可持续土壤固碳和农田有机质提升,为固碳减排与农田生产力提升及土壤环境服务改善协同发展提供科学依据和管理的政策依据。

关键词: 碳固定, 生物活性, 生态系统功能, 团聚体, 生态效益与生态服务

Soil carbon sequestration has been one of most important research frontiers of soil science for the last decade. However, carbon sequestration for sustainable management is being urged by both climate change mitigation and global soil degradation. In this review paper, the ecosystem functioning and ecological services of soil organic carbon were emphasized. Sequestration of organic carbon was in depth examined by linking to bioactivity and ecosystem functioning of soil. Current knowledge on variation of soil bioactivity with soil carbon sequestration was overviewed and synthesized, particularly at micro-scale of soil aggregates. Taking rice paddy soil as an example, co-evolution of microbial community and diversity, and soil functional activity with soil organic matter build-up at soil aggregates level was analyzed in terms of soil development. Furthermore, were highlighted the emerging issue on characterizing the coupling of bioactivity with carbon sequestration, the nature of sustainable soil carbon sequestration by means of micro-aggregate scale interaction of organic matter-microbe-enzyme activity, and the best management practices for attaining the sustainable carbon sequestration. All these issues could be pursued with the help of non-destructive soil aggregate fractionation and in situ microscale supermicroscopic observation technologies. Therefore, soil research on carbon sequestration versus bioactivity at microscale will enhance systematic understanding of ecosystem functioning and services provided by soil organic carbon, in order to provide sound knowledge base for rational organic matter management and sustainable carbon sequestration, and for policy making aiming at enhancing crop productivity and environmental services as well as climate change mitigation.

Key words: Carbon sequestration, Bioactivity, Ecosystem functioning, Aggregate, Benefits and services.

中图分类号:

P934

图1 土壤有机碳岁空间和时间的不同生态系统功能与服务(根据文献[ 26 ]修改)

Fig.1 Ecosystem functions and services of soil organic carbon across temporal and spatial scales (modified after reference [ 26 ])

图 2 大团聚体中微团聚体、有机质、微生物分布示意图图中暗色小块(a)为微团聚体,其中的颗粒为细菌等微生物(b), 微团聚体间浅色狭窄部分(c)为水膜,弯曲小条为真菌菌丝(d), 而微团聚体间暗色颗粒浓聚部分为簇装有机质(e),而酶分布在微团聚体和簇状有机质表面]

Fig.2 Distribution of microaggregate, organic matter, microorganism in macroaggregate a: microaggregate, b: microorganism, c: water film, d: fungal hyphae, e: organic matter

[91]	Wissing L, Klbl A, Schad P, et al. Organic carbon accumulation on soil mineral surfaces in paddy soils derived from tidal wetlands[J]. Geoderma, 2014, 228: 90-103.
[92]	Pan G, Li L, Wu L, et al.Storage and sequestration potential of topsoil organic carbon in China’s paddy soils[J]. Global Change Biology, 2004, 10(1): 79-92.
[93]	Huang Y, Sun W.Changes in topsoil organic carbon of croplands in mainland China over the last two decades[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2006, 51(15): 1 785-1 803.
[94]	Liu Shoulong, Tong Chengli, Zhang Wenju, et al.Simulation of carbon sequestration potential of paddy soils in Hu’nan Province, China[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2006, 21(1): 118-125.
	[刘守龙, 童成立, 张文菊, 等. 湖南省稻田表层土壤固碳潜力模拟研究[J]. 自然资源学报, 2006, 21(1): 118-125.]
[95]	Li Zhongpei, Wu Dafu.Organic C content at steady state and potential of C sequestration of paddy soils in subtropical China[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2006,43(1):46-52.
	[李忠佩, 吴大付. 红壤水稻土有机碳库的平衡值确定及固碳潜力分析[J]. 土壤学报, 2006,43(1):46-52.]
[96]	Pan Genxing, Zhao Qiguo.Study on evolution of organic carbon stock in agricultural soils of China: Facing the challenge of global change and food security[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2005, 20(4): 384-393.
	[潘根兴, 赵其国. 我国农田土壤碳库演变研究: 全球变化和国家粮食安全[J]. 地球科学进展, 2005, 20(4): 384-393.]
[97]	Niu Wenjing, Li Lianqing, Pan Genxing, et al.Responses of enzyme activities in different particle-size aggregates of paddy soil in Taihu Lake region of China to long-term fertilization[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2009, 20(9): 2 181-2 816.
	[牛文静, 李恋卿, 潘根兴, 等. 太湖地区水稻土不同粒级团聚体中酶活性对长期施肥的响应[J]. 应用生态学报, 2009, 20(9): 2 181-2 816.]
[1]	Brantley S L.Weathering: Rock to regolith[J]. Nature Geoscience, 2010, 3(5): 305-306.
[2]	Victoria R, Banwart S A, Black H, et al. The benefits of soil carbon: Managing soils for multiple economic, societal and environmental benefits[C]//UNEP Year Book 2012: Emerging Issues in Our Global Environment. UNEP, Nairobi,2012:19-33.
[3]	Robinson D A, Hockley N, Cooper D M, et al.Natural capital and ecosystem services, developing an appropriate soils framework as a basis for valuation[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2013, 57: 1 023-1 033.
[4]	Tiessen H, Cuevas E, Chacon P.The role of soil organic matter in sustaining soil fertility[J]. Nature, 1994, 371:783-785.
[5]	Lal R, Lorenz K, Hüttl R F, et al.Ecosystem Services and Carbon Sequestration in the Biosphere[M]. Dordrecht: Springer, 2013.
[6]	Rusco E, Jones R J A, Bidoglio G. Organic Matter in the Soils of Europe: Present Status and Future Trends[R]. Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, 2001.
[7]	Montanarella L.Trends in land degradation in Europe[M]//Sivakumar M V K, Ndiang Ui B, eds.Climate and Land Degradation. Berlin: Springer, 2007: 83-104.
[8]	Bellamy P H, Loveland P J, Bradley R I, et al.Carbon losses from all soils across England and Wales 1978-2003[J]. Nature, 2005, 437(7 056): 245-248.
[9]	Schulze E D, Freibauer A.Environmental science: Carbon unlocked from soils[J]. Nature, 2005, 437(7 056): 205-206.
[10]	Lal R.Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security[J]. Science, 2004, 304(5677): 1623-1627.
[11]	Food Security and Agriculture Mitigation in Developing Countries: Options for Capturing Synergies[EB/OL]. FAO,2009.[2015-04-02]. ,2009. URL
[12]	McCarl B A, Metting F B, Rice C. Soil carbon sequestration[J]. Climatic Change, 2007, 80(1): 1-3.
[13]	Pan Genxing, Zhou Ping, Li Lianqing, et al.Core issues and research progress of soil science of C sequestration[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2007,44(2):327-337.
	[潘根兴, 周萍, 李恋卿, 等. 固碳土壤学的核心科学问题与研究进展[J]. 土壤学报, 2007, 44(2):327-337.]
[14]	Smith P, Martino D, Cai Z, et al.Policy and technological constraints to implementation of greenhouse gas mitigation options in agriculture[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2007, 118(1): 6-28.
[15]	Banwart S.Save our soils[J]. Nature, 2011, 474(7 350): 151-152.
[16]	UNEP. Assessing Global Land Use: Balancing Consumption with Sustainable Supply. A Report of the Working Group on Land and Soils of the International Resource Panel[R/OL]. ,2014. URL
[17]	Nziguheba G, Vargas R, Bationo A, et al.Soil carbon: A critical natural resource-wide-scale goals, urgent actions[M]//Banwart S A, et al, eds. Soil Carbon: Science, Management and Policy for Multiple Benefits. Wallingford: CABI, 2014: 10-25.
[18]	Brovkin V, Van Bodegom P M, Kleinen T, et al. Plant-driven variation in decomposition rates improves projections of global litter stock distribution[J]. Biogeosciences,2012, 9(1): 565-576.
[19]	Threats to the Soil Resource Base of Food Security in China and Europe[EB/OL]. EU Commission, 2013.[2015-04-02]. http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ESDB_Archive/eusoils_docs/doc.html.
[20]	Pan G, Huang Z, Wang J, et al.Soil organic matter dynamics: Beyond carbon[C]//A Report of the 4th International Symposium on Soil Organic Matter Dynamics. Carbon Management, 2013, 4(5): 485-489.
[21]	Report on the Implementation of the Soil Thematic Strategy and Ongoing Activities[EB/OL]. EU Commission, 2012.[2015-04-02]. URL
[22]	Finvers M A.Application of DPSIR for Analysis of Soil Protection Issues and an Assessment of British Columbia’s Soil Protection legislation[D]. UK: Cranfield University, 2008.
[23]	Banwart S, Menon M, Bernasconi S M, et al.Soil processes and functions across an international network of critical zone observatories: Introduction to experimental methods and initial results[J]. Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 2012, 344(11): 758-772.
[24]	Banwart S, Noellemeyer E, Milne E.Soil Carbon: Science, Management and Policy for Multiple Benefits[M].London: CABI, 2014.
[25]	Banwart S, Black H, Cai Z, et al.Benefits of soil carbon: Report on the outcomes of an international scientific committee on problems of the environment rapid assessment workshop[J]. Carbon Management, 2014, 5(2): 185-192.
[26]	Pan G, Li L, Zheng J.Benefits of SOM in agroecosystems: The case of China[M]//Soil Carbon: Science, Management and Policy for Multiple Benefits.London: CABI, 2014: 314-327.
[27]	Bardgett R D, van der Putten W H. Belowground biodiversity and ecosystem functioning[J]. Nature, 2014, 515(7 528): 505-511.
[28]	Six J, Conant R T, Paul E A, et al.Stabilization mechanisms of soil organic matter: Implications for C-saturation of soils[J]. Plant and Soil, 2002, 241(2): 155-176.
[29]	Hassink J.The capacity of soils to preserve organic C and N by their association with clay and silt particles[J]. Plant and Soil, 1997, 191(1): 77-87.
[30]	Marschner B, Brodowski S, Dreves A, et al.How relevant is recalcitrance for the stabilization of organic matter in soils?[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 2008, 171(1): 91-110.
[31]	Osher L J, Matson P A, Amundson R.Effect of land use change on soil carbon in Hawaii[J]. Biogeochemistry, 2003, 65(2): 213-232.
[32]	Mikutta R, Kleber M, Torn M S, et al.Stabilization of soil organic matter: Association with minerals or chemical recalcitrance?[J]. Biogeochemistry, 2006, 77(1): 25-56.
[33]	Schmidt M W I, Torn M S, Abiven S, et al. Persistence of soil organic matter as an ecosystem property[J]. Nature, 2011, 478(7 367): 49-56.
[34]	Lal R.Ecosystem Services and Carbon Sequestration in the Biosphere[M]. Dordrecht: Springer, 2013.
[35]	Wiesmeier M, Hübner R, Spörlein P, et al.Carbon sequestration potential of soils in southeast Germany derived from stable soil organic carbon saturation[J]. Global Change Biology, 2014, 20(2): 653-665.
[36]	Bandick A K, Dick R P.Field management effects on soil enzyme activities[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 1999, 31(11): 1 471-1 479.
[37]	Natural Resources Conservation Service, Soil Quality Indicators. Soil Enzymes[EB/OL]. USDA, 2010. [2015-04-02]. 2010.10. URL
[38]	Allison S D.Soil minerals and humic acids alter enzyme stability:Implications for ecosystem processes[J]. Biogeochemistry, 2006, 81(3): 361-373.
[39]	Marx M C, Wood M, Jarvis S C.A microplate fluorimetric assay for the study of enzyme diversity in soils[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2001, 33(12): 1 633-1 640.
[40]	DeForest J L. The influence of time, storage temperature, and substrate age on potential soil enzyme activity in acidic forest soils using MUB-linked substrates and L-DOPA[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2009, 41(6): 1 180-1 186.
[41]	German D P, Weintraub M N, Grandy A S, et al.Optimization of hydrolytic and oxidative enzyme methods for ecosystem studies[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2011, 43(7): 1 387-1 397.
[42]	Deng S, Popova I E, Dick L, et al.Bench scale and microplate format assay of soil enzyme activities using spectroscopic and fluorometric approaches[J]. Applied Soil Ecology, 2013, 64: 84-90.
[43]	Jing Zhenjiang, Tai Jicheng, Pan Genxing, et al.Comparison of soil organic carbon, microbial diversity and enzyme activity of wetlands and rice paddies in Jingjiang area of Hubei, China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2012, 45(18): 3 773-3 781.
	[靳振江, 邰继承, 潘根兴, 等. 荆江地区湿地与稻田有机碳, 微生物多样性及土壤酶活性的比较[J]. 中国农业科学, 2012, 45(18): 3 773-3 781.]
[44]	Liu D, Liu X, Liu Y, et al.Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) accumulation in rice paddies under long-term agro-ecosystem experiments in southern China-VI. Changes in microbial community structure and respiratory activity[J]. Biogeosciences Discussions, 2011, 8(1): 1 529-1 554.
[45]	Araújo A S F, Santos V B, Monteiro R T R. Responses of soil microbial biomass and activity for practices of organic and conventional farming systems in Piauí state, Brazil[J]. European Journal of Soil Biology, 2008, 44(2): 225-230.
[46]	Liu Y, Zhou T, Crowley D, et al.Decline in topsoil microbial quotient, fungal abundance and C utilization efficiency of rice paddies under heavy metal pollution across South China[J]. PloS One, 2012, 7(6): e38858.
[47]	Ren Jingchen, Zhang Pingjiu, Pan Genxing, et al.Indices of eco-geochemical characteristics in a degradation-reclamation sequence of soils in Mountains Karst Area: A case study in Guanling-Zhenfeng region, Guizhou, China[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2006, 21(5): 504-512.
	[任京辰, 张平究, 潘根兴, 等. 岩溶土壤的生态地球化学特征及其指示意义[J]. 地球科学进展, 2006, 21(5): 504-512.]
[48]	Chen J, Liu X, Zheng J, et al.Biochar soil amendment increased bacterial but decreased fungal gene abundance with shifts in community structure in a slightly acid rice paddy from Southwest China[J]. Applied Soil Ecology,2013, 71: 33-44.
[49]	Chen J, Liu X, Li L, et al.Consistent increase in abundance and diversity but variable change in community composition of bacteria in topsoil of rice paddy under short term biochar treatment across three sites from South China[J]. Applied Soil Ecology, 2015, 91: 68-79.
[50]	Poeplau C, Kätterer T, Bolinder M A, et al.Low stabilization of aboveground crop residue carbon in sandy soils of Swedish long-term experiments[J]. Geoderma, 2015, 237: 246-255.
[51]	Kirkby C A, Richardson A E, Wade L J, et al.Nutrient availability limits carbon sequestration in arable soils[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2014, 68: 402-409.
[52]	Pan G, Zhou P, Li Z, et al.Combined inorganic/organic fertilization enhances N efficiency and increases rice productivity through organic carbon accumulation in a rice paddy from the Tai Lake region, China[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2009, 131(3): 274-280.
[53]	Sun D Q, Jun M, Zhang W M, et al.Implication of temporal dynamics of microbial abundance and nutrients to soil fertility under biochar application-field experiments conducted in a brown soil cultivated with soybean, north China[J]. Advanced Materials Research, 2012, 518: 384-394.
[54]	Kimetu J M, Lehmann J, Ngoze S O, et al.Reversibility of soil productivity decline with organic matter of differing quality along a degradation gradient[J]. Ecosystems, 2008, 11(5): 726-739.
[55]	Reeves D W.The role of soil organic matter in maintaining soil quality in continuous cropping systems[J]. Soil and Tillage Research, 1997, 43(1): 131-167.
[56]	Lal R.Soils and ecosystem services[M]//Buckinghams, ed.Ecosystem Services and Carbon Sequestration in the Biosphere.Netherlands: Springer Netherlands, 2013: 11-38.
[57]	Six J, Elliott E T, Paustian K.Soil macroaggregate turnover and microaggregate formation: A mechanism for C sequestration under no-tillage agriculture[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2000, 32(14): 2 099-2 103.
[58]	Pulleman M M, Six J, Van Breemen N, et al.Soil organic matter distribution and microaggregate characteristics as affected by agricultural management and earthworm activity[J]. European Journal of Soil Science, 2005, 56(4): 453-467.
[59]	Kong A Y Y, Six J, Bryant D C, et al. The relationship between carbon input, aggregation, and soil organic carbon stabilization in sustainable cropping systems[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2005, 69(4): 1 078-1 085.
[60]	Li L, Zhang X, Zhang P, et al.Variation of organic carbon and nitrogen in aggregate size fractions of a paddy soil under fertilisation practices from Tai Lake region, China[J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2007, 87(6): 1 052-1 058.
[61]	Hassink J.The capacity of soils to preserve organic C and N by their association with clay and silt particles[J]. Plant and Soil, 1997, 191(1): 77-87.
[62]	Torn M S, Trumbore S E, Chadwick O A, et al.Mineral control of soil organic carbon storage and turnover[J]. Nature, 1997, 389(6 647): 170-173.
[63]	Powlson D S, Riche A B, Coleman K, et al.Carbon sequestration in European soils through straw incorporation: Limitations and alternatives[J]. Waste Management, 2008, 28(4): 741-746.
[64]	Wiesmeier M, Hübner R, Spörlein P, et al.Carbon sequestration potential of soils in southeast Germany derived from stable soil organic carbon saturation[J]. Global Change Biology, 2014, 20(2): 653-665.
	[65]Hernandez-Soriano M C, Kerré B, Goos P, et al. Long-term effect of biochar on the stabilization of recent carbon: Soils with historical inputs of charcoal[J]. GCB Bioenergy, 2015,doi:10.1111/gcbb.12250.
[66]	Liang B, Lehmann J, Sohi S P, et al.Black carbon affects the cycling of non-black carbon in soil[J]. Organic Geochemistry, 2010, 41(2): 206-213.
[67]	Vogel C, Mueller C W, Höschen C, et al.Submicron structures provide preferential spots for carbon and nitrogen sequestration in soils[J]. Nature Communications, 2014,doi:10.1038/ncomms394.
[68]	Lehmann J, Kinyangi J, Solomon D.Organic matter stabilization in soil microaggregates: Implications from spatial heterogeneity of organic carbon contents and carbon forms[J]. Biogeochemistry, 2007, 85(1): 45-57.
[69]	Lehmann J, Solomon D, Kinyangi J, et al.Spatial complexity of soil organic matter forms at nanometre scales[J]. Nature Geoscience, 2008, 1(4): 238-242.
[70]	Don A, Rödenbeck C, Gleixner G.Unexpected control of soil carbon turnover by soil carbon concentration[J]. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 2013, 11(4): 407-413.
[71]	Brussaard L.Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in soil[J]. Ambio, 1997,26(8): 563-570.
[72]	Rabbi S M F, Lockwood P V, Daniel H, et al. How do microaggregates stabilize soil organic matter?[C]//Proceedings of the 19th World Congress of Soil Science: Soil Solutions for a Changing World, Brisbane, Australia, 1-6 August 2010. Congress Symposium 4: Greenhouse Gases from Soils. International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS), C/O Institut für Bodenforschung, Universit füt für Bodenkultur, 2010: 109-112.
[73]	Huygens D, Denef K, Vandeweyer R, et al.Do nitrogen isotope patterns reflect microbial colonization of soil organic matter fractions?[J]. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2008, 44(7): 955-964.
[74]	Caldwell B A.Enzyme activities as a component of soil biodiversity: A review[J]. Pedobiologia, 2005, 49(6): 637-644.
[75]	Burns R G, DeForest J L, Marxsen J, et al. Soil enzymes in a changing environment: Current knowledge and future directions[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2013, 58: 216-234.
[76]	Allison S D, Weintraub M N, Gartner T B, et al.Evolutionary-economic principles as regulators of soil enzyme production and ecosystem function[M]//Shukla G, Varma A,eds.Soil Enzymology. Herlin:Springer-Verlag, 2011: 229-243.
[77]	Stemmer M, Gerzabek M H, Kandeler E.Organic matter and enzyme activity in particle-size fractions of soils obtained after low-energy sonication[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 1998, 30(1): 9-17.
[78]	Stemmer M, Gerzabek M H, Kandeler E.Invertase and xylanase activity of bulk soil and particle-size fractions during maize straw decomposition[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 1998, 31(1): 9-18.
[79]	Sessitsch A, Weilharter A, Gerzabek M H, et al.Microbial population structures in soil particle size fractions of a long-term fertilizer field experiment[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2001, 67(9): 4 215-4 224.
[80]	Smith A P, Marín-Spiotta E, de Graaff M A, et al. Microbial community structure varies across soil organic matter aggregate pools during tropical land cover change[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2014, 77: 292-303.
[81]	Gong Zitong.Soil Taxonomic Classification of China: Theory, Methodology and Applications[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 1999.
	[龚子同. 中国土壤系统分类: 理论· 方法· 实践[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1999.]
[82]	Huang L M, Thompson A, Zhang G L, et al.The use of chronosequences in studies of paddy soil evolution: A review[J]. Geoderma, 2015, 237: 199-210.
[83]	Ling Qihong, Zhang Hongcheng, Huang Pisheng, et al.New nitrogen application regime on high-yielding rice[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2002, 39: 26-40.
	[凌启鸿, 张洪程, 黄丕生, 等. 水稻高产氮肥合理施用的运筹新探索[J]. 土壤学报, 2002, 39: 26-40.]
[84]	Cheng Kun, Pan Genxing, Li Lianqing, et al.Risk assessment of meteorological yield decline of dryland crops and paddy rice against climate change in China[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2011, 30(9): 1 764-1 771.
	[程琨, 潘根兴, 李恋卿, 等. 中国稻作与旱作生产的气象减产风险评价[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2011, 30(9): 1 764-1 771.]
[98]	Pan G, Li L, Zhang X, et al. Soil Organic Carbon, Sequestration Potential and the Co-Benefits in China’s Cropland[M]//Lal R, Stewart B A, eds. Principles of Soil Management. Taylor and Francis (CRC), 2013.
[99]	Jastrow J D, Miller R M, Lussenhop J.Contributions of interacting biological mechanisms to soil aggregate stabilization in restored prairie[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 1998, 30(7): 905-916.
[85]	Kögel-Knabner I, Amelung W, Cao Z, et al.Biogeochemistry of paddy soils[J]. Geoderma, 2010, 157(1): 1-14.
[86]	Schimel J.Global change: Rice, microbes and methane[J]. Nature, 2000, 403(6 768): 375-377.
[87]	Cheng Y Q, Yang L Z, Cao Z H, et al.Chronosequential changes of selected pedogenic properties in paddy soils as compared with non-paddy soils[J]. Geoderma, 2009, 151(1): 31-41.
[88]	Kalbitz K, Kaiser K, Fiedler S, et al.The carbon count of 2000 years of rice cultivation[J]. Global Change Biology, 2013, 19(4): 1 107-1 113.
[89]	Kölbl A, Schad P, Jahn R, et al.Accelerated soil formation due to paddy management on marshlands (Zhejiang Province, China)[J]. Geoderma, 2014, 228: 67-89.
[90]	Wissing L, Kölbl A, Vogelsang V, et al.Organic carbon accumulation in a 2000-year chronosequence of paddy soil evolution[J]. Catena, 2011, 87(3): 376-385.

[1]	潘根兴, 陆海飞, 李恋卿, 郑聚锋, 张旭辉, 程琨, 刘晓雨, 卞荣军, 郑金伟. 土壤碳固定与生物活性：面向可持续土壤管理的新前沿[J]. 地球科学进展, 2015, 30(8): 940-951.
[2]	杜志恒，效存德,李向应. 生物活性元素Fe来源及其溶解度影响因素研究综述[J]. 地球科学进展, 2013, 28(5): 597-607.
[3]	彭琴，董云社，齐玉春. 氮输入对陆地生态系统碳循环关键过程的影响[J]. 地球科学进展, 2008, 23(8): 874-883.
[4]	刘满强,陈小云,郭菊花,李辉信,胡锋. 土壤生物对土壤有机碳稳定性的影响[J]. 地球科学进展, 2007, 22(2): 152-158.
[5]	潘根兴,李恋卿,张旭辉,代静玉,周运超,张平究. 中国土壤有机碳库量与农业土壤碳固定动态的若干问题[J]. 地球科学进展, 2003, 18(4): 609-618.
[6]	袁兴中,何文珊. 海洋沉积物中的动物多样性及其生态系统功能[J]. 地球科学进展, 1999, 14(5): 458-463.

阅读次数

全文

摘要

Soil Carbon Sequestration with Bioactivity: A New Emerging Frontier for Sustainable Soil Management