地球科学进展 ›› 2021, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (4): 399 -412. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2021.040

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“一带一路”沿线国家农作物虚拟水贸易时空格局及驱动因素分析
陈良侃 1 , 2( ), 陈少辉 1( )   
  1. 1.中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,陆地水循环及地表过程重点实验室,北京 100101
    2.中国科学院大学 资源与环境学院,北京 100049
  • 收稿日期:2021-02-28 修回日期:2021-03-28 出版日期:2021-05-31
  • 通讯作者: 陈少辉 E-mail:chenlk.19s@igsnrr.ac.cn;chensh@igsnrr.ac.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金联合基金项目“四维同化框架下荒漠河岸林蒸散与地下水互制机理解耦建模”(U2003105);国家对地观测科学数据中心开放基金项目“青藏高原高时空分辨率土壤湿度及肥力专题产品研制”(DAOP 2020003)

Analysis of Spatiotemporal Pattern and Drivers of Virtual Crops Water Trade Along the Belt and Road

Liangkan CHEN 1 , 2( ), Shaohui CHEN 1( )   

  1. 1.Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,Beijing 100101,China
    2.College of Resources and Environment,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China
  • Received:2021-02-28 Revised:2021-03-28 Online:2021-05-31 Published:2021-05-31
  • Contact: Shaohui CHEN E-mail:chenlk.19s@igsnrr.ac.cn;chensh@igsnrr.ac.cn
  • About author:CHEN Liangkan (1996-), male, Xianning City, Hubei Province, Master student. Research areas include ecohydrological change. E-mail: chenlk.19s@igsnrr.ac.cn
  • Supported by:
    the National Natural Science Foundation of China “Decoupling modeling the interaction mechanism between evapotranspiration and groundwater over desert riparian forest under the framework of four-dimensional assimilation”(U2003105);The Open Research Fund of National Earth Observation Data Center “Development of special products on soil moisture and fertility with high temporal and spatial resolution of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau”(DAOP2020003)

“一带一路”沿线地区水资源短缺且空间分布不均衡,虚拟水贸易实现了对水资源的远距离空间调配。以2010—2018年“一带一路”沿线59个国家和37种农作物为研究对象核算各国农作物虚拟水贸易,利用标准差椭圆、Moran's I指数、LISA指数刻画农作物虚拟水贸易的时空格局特征,通过地理探测器和地理加权回归模型分析农作物虚拟水贸易的驱动因素及其空间异质性。研究发现: 沿线各国“低耗水—高出口型”作物占比4.013%,“高耗水—高出口型”作物占比1.926%。 沿线各国农作物虚拟水贸易的进口格局呈收缩趋势,出口格局呈扩张趋势,且其局部存在一定的集聚特征,进口的“高—高集聚”区域主要处于南亚地区,出口的“高—高集聚”区域主要分布在中东欧地区。 各显著驱动因素能较好地解释沿线各国农作物虚拟水净出口量,各因素中国内生产总值呈负相关驱动特征,耕地面积呈正相关驱动特征,而人口规模、森林面积和邻国接边数在各单元间呈正负两极的差异驱动特征。

Water resources are scarce and unevenly distributed along the Belt and Road, whereas virtual water trade could achieve the spatial allocation of water resources over long distances. The virtual crop water trade was calculated, including 37 crops from 59 countries along the Belt and Road between 2010-2018.Based on the results, the spatiotemporal patterns of virtual crop water trade were studied with the method of the standard deviation ellipse, Moran's I index, and LISA index, and the spatial variation of driving forces were analyzed by the geographical detector and geographically weighted regression. The proportion of "low water-consuming and high export" of crops was 4.013%, and the "high water-consuming and high export" was 1.926% among these 8countries. Its import spatiotemporal pattern had a trend of contraction, conversely, the export showed an expansive trend. Some aggregation characteristics arose in the local area, with the high-high concentrated regions for import were mainly distributed among South Asia, and the high-high concentrated areas for export were almost in Central and Eastern Europe. The significant drivers could explain the forcing of net crop virtual water exports well along the Belt and Road, with negative driving characteristics for GDP and positive driving characteristics for arable land area, while population scale, forest area, and the number of bordering neighbors showed positive and negative bipolar driving characteristics among different countries.

中图分类号: 

表1 研究区国家地理位置划分
Table 1 Geographical division of countries in study area
表1 研究区国家地理位置划分
Table 1 Geographical division of countries in study area
表2 研究选取农作物种类 HS编码
Table 2 HS codes for the crop species in the study
表2 研究选取农作物种类 HS编码
Table 2 HS codes for the crop species in the study
表3 驱动因素指标的变量说明
Table 3 Variable description of driving indicators
表3 驱动因素指标的变量说明
Table 3 Variable description of driving indicators
表4 20102018年“一带一路”国家主要出口农作物平均需水量排序情况(前后 5国)
Table 4 Average water demand ranking of major export crops alone the Belt and Road from 2010 to 2018 (top and bottom five countries)
表4 20102018年“一带一路”国家主要出口农作物平均需水量排序情况(前后 5国)
Table 4 Average water demand ranking of major export crops alone the Belt and Road from 2010 to 2018 (top and bottom five countries)
图1 “一带一路”国家农作物“出口量—需水量”叠加分析识别示意图
Fig.1 Overlay analysis identification of export volume and water demand of crops alone the Belt and Road
图1 “一带一路”国家农作物“出口量—需水量”叠加分析识别示意图
Fig.1 Overlay analysis identification of export volume and water demand of crops alone the Belt and Road
图2 20102018年“一带一路”国家农作物虚拟水贸易量标准差椭圆分析
Fig.2 Standard deviation ellipse analysis of virtual crop water trade alone the Belt and Road from 2010 to 2018
图2 20102018年“一带一路”国家农作物虚拟水贸易量标准差椭圆分析
Fig.2 Standard deviation ellipse analysis of virtual crop water trade alone the Belt and Road from 2010 to 2018
表5 “一带一路”沿线国家农作物虚拟水进出口的标准差椭圆参数
Table 5 Standard deviation ellipse parameters of virtual crop water trade alone the Belt and Road
表5 “一带一路”沿线国家农作物虚拟水进出口的标准差椭圆参数
Table 5 Standard deviation ellipse parameters of virtual crop water trade alone the Belt and Road
图3 20102018年“一带一路”地区农作物虚拟水进出口量排名前20的国家
Fig.3 Top 20 countries in virtual crop water imports and exports alone the Belt and Road from 2010 to 2018
图3 20102018年“一带一路”地区农作物虚拟水进出口量排名前20的国家
Fig.3 Top 20 countries in virtual crop water imports and exports alone the Belt and Road from 2010 to 2018
图4 20102018年“一带一路”国家农作物虚拟水净出口量的空间分布格局
人均淡水资源数据从World Bank数据库中获取,由部分国家连续年份数据的缺失,所选数据时间均为2014年;净出口基期为负时,变化率=1-(末期/基期)^(1/年数)
Fig.4 Spatial distribution pattern of net export of virtual crop water alone the Belt and Road from 2010 to 2018
Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita from the World Bank database, by the absence of data for some countries in consecutive years, data of 2014 is selected for the graph; When the net export base period is minus, the rate of changes equals 1-(end/base period)^(1/years)
图4 20102018年“一带一路”国家农作物虚拟水净出口量的空间分布格局
人均淡水资源数据从World Bank数据库中获取,由部分国家连续年份数据的缺失,所选数据时间均为2014年;净出口基期为负时,变化率=1-(末期/基期)^(1/年数)
Fig.4 Spatial distribution pattern of net export of virtual crop water alone the Belt and Road from 2010 to 2018
Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita from the World Bank database, by the absence of data for some countries in consecutive years, data of 2014 is selected for the graph; When the net export base period is minus, the rate of changes equals 1-(end/base period)^(1/years)
表6 20102018年“一带一路”沿线国家农作物虚拟水进出口 Moran’s I估计值
Table 6 The global Moran’s I of virtual crop water trade alone the Belt and Road from 2010 to 2018
表6 20102018年“一带一路”沿线国家农作物虚拟水进出口 Moran’s I估计值
Table 6 The global Moran’s I of virtual crop water trade alone the Belt and Road from 2010 to 2018
图5 20102018年“一带一路”沿线国家农作物虚拟水贸易LISA集聚图
Fig.5 LISA map for virtual crop water trade along the Belt and Road from 2010 to 2018
图5 20102018年“一带一路”沿线国家农作物虚拟水贸易LISA集聚图
Fig.5 LISA map for virtual crop water trade along the Belt and Road from 2010 to 2018
表7 驱动因素的地理探测结果
Table 7 Geographical detector results of driving factors
表7 驱动因素的地理探测结果
Table 7 Geographical detector results of driving factors
表8 GWR模型与 OLS模型结果对比
Table 8 Comparison of GWR model and OLS model results
表8 GWR模型与 OLS模型结果对比
Table 8 Comparison of GWR model and OLS model results
图6 沿线国家农作物贸易虚拟水净出口驱动因素作用的空间差异
Fig.6 Spatial variations in the driving factors of virtual crop water net export in countries along the route
图6 沿线国家农作物贸易虚拟水净出口驱动因素作用的空间差异
Fig.6 Spatial variations in the driving factors of virtual crop water net export in countries along the route
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