地球科学进展

地球科学进展 ›› 2018, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (7): 687 -701. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2018.07.0687

所属专题： “一带一路”绿色发展研究；

生态水文学与水安全 上一篇    下一篇

基于“一带一路”的南亚水安全与对策
邓伟 1, 2, 3( ), 赵伟 1, 2, 刘斌涛 1, 南希 1, 孔博 1   
  1. 1.中国科学院成都山地灾害与环境研究,山区发展研究中心/数字山地与遥感应用中心,四川 成都 610041
    2.中尼地理联合研究中心,成都 610041
    3.中国科学院大学,北京 100049
  • 收稿日期:2018-02-21 修回日期:2018-05-10 出版日期:2018-07-20
  • 基金资助:
    *中国科学院重点部署项目“南方毗邻地区资源环境关键问题及科学数据库建设”(编号:KZZD-EW-08-01);中国科学院学部咨询项目“一带一路发展中国家水安全战略研究”(编号:2016-DX-A-04)资助.

Water Security and the Countermeasures in South Asia Based on the “Belt and Road” Initiative

Wei Deng 1, 2, 3( ), Wei Zhao 1, 2, Bintao Liu 1, Xi Nan 1, Bo Kong 1   

  1. 1.Research Center for Mountain Development/Research Center for Digital Mountain and Remote Sensing Application, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
    2.China-Nepal Joint Research Centre for Geography, Chengdu 610041, China
    3.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • Received:2018-02-21 Revised:2018-05-10 Online:2018-07-20 Published:2018-08-30
  • About author:

    First author:Deng Wei(1957-), male, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, Professor. Research areas include resources, environment and land space development and cross-border geography research. E-mail:dengwei@imde.ac.cn

  • Supported by:
    Project supported by the Key Deployment Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences “Key problems of resources and environment and construction of scientific database in Southern adjacent areas”(No.KZZD-EW-08-01);The Consultation Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences “Research on water safety strategy for developing countries in the Belt and Road” (No.2016-DX-A-04 ).
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南亚是与中国毗邻国家最多的地区,喜马拉雅山脉横亘于此,让山、水和国别的关系彼此咬合而命运相关,构成了特殊的地缘环境和地缘关系。河流是这个地区利益牵扯最紧密的纽带,上下游国别间水问题的博弈导致了彼此间地缘关系的复杂性和冲突的动态性。气候变化和人类活动的加剧,导致跨境资源环境问题给地区稳定与发展带来诸多挑战。南亚各国在水资源开发利用方面牵扯跨境水权益问题,直接影响南亚地区各国的地缘关系及水安全问题。如何面对这些问题的挑战是区域各国在未来很长的一段时间需要思考和应对的一个重要问题。“一带一路”倡议开启了全球和平发展的新路径,南亚地区应该秉承其理念和思想,共同谋求地区水安全合作机制,化解风险,走协调、协同、共赢的合作之路。

关键词: “一带一路”, 南亚地区, 跨境河流, 水安全, 协调对策

South Asia is the subregion of Asia with the most neighbors of China. Although the high mountains in the Great Himalayas spatially separate South Asia from East Asia along the border of China’s autonomous region of Tibet, the geographical items such as mountains and rivers link the countries in South Asia with China, resulting in a special and complex geopolitical environment and relationship. In this geopolitical relationship, the transboundary rivers are becoming a key issue of this region in an era of increasing water stress. Depleted and degraded transboundary water supplies have the potential to cause social unrest and spark conflict within and between countries in South Asia, and complicate the geopolitical relationship among them. In addition, the increasing impacts from climate change and human activities will definitely bring many transboundary eco-environmental issues in this region, projecting a big challenge to regional stability and development. The key issues related to the water resources supplement and exploration require the transboundary rivers to be a positive role in regional water resources utility and exploration, and the result will definitely affect regional relationship and water security. How to handle these issues and challenges will be a question for the countries in this region with a long time. Currently, the “Belt and Road” Initiative represents an opportunity to build a shared vision for common prosperity through regional cooperation and is a way to inject new positive energy into world peace and development. In the light of this, the countries with transboundary rivers in South Asia must come together to construct a cooperative mechanism of water security, and adopt a win-win cooperation for the use of transboundary rivers under the principles of “equal”, “equitable” and “reasonable”.

Key words: The “belt and road” initiative;, South Asia, Transboundary river, Water security, Coordination strategy.

中图分类号: 

图1 南亚国家分布示意图
Fig.1 Location of South Asia and its countries
图1 南亚国家分布示意图
Fig.1 Location of South Asia and its countries
表1 中国—南亚主要跨境河流 [ 4 ]
Table 1 Major transboundary rivers between China and South Asia [ 4 ]
中国境内名称 境外名称 源头 汇入
雅鲁藏布江 布拉马普特拉河 喜马拉雅山中段 孟加拉湾
狮泉河(森格藏布) 印度河上源 冈底斯山 克什米尔地区
象泉河(朗钦藏布) 萨特累季河 喜马拉雅山西段 印度河
奇普恰普河 希欧克河 喀喇昆仑山 印度河
甲扎岗葛河 - 藏西南 恒河
巴吉拉提河 - 喜马拉雅山中段 恒河
孔雀河(马甲藏布) - 藏南 恒河
吉隆藏布 - 藏南 恒河
波曲 - 藏南 恒河
绒辖藏布 - 藏南 恒河
朋曲 - 藏南 恒河
康布曲 - 藏南 布拉马普特拉河
洛扎怒曲 - 藏南 布拉马普特拉河
表1 中国—南亚主要跨境河流 [ 4 ]
Table 1 Major transboundary rivers between China and South Asia [ 4 ]
中国境内名称 境外名称 源头 汇入
雅鲁藏布江 布拉马普特拉河 喜马拉雅山中段 孟加拉湾
狮泉河(森格藏布) 印度河上源 冈底斯山 克什米尔地区
象泉河(朗钦藏布) 萨特累季河 喜马拉雅山西段 印度河
奇普恰普河 希欧克河 喀喇昆仑山 印度河
甲扎岗葛河 - 藏西南 恒河
巴吉拉提河 - 喜马拉雅山中段 恒河
孔雀河(马甲藏布) - 藏南 恒河
吉隆藏布 - 藏南 恒河
波曲 - 藏南 恒河
绒辖藏布 - 藏南 恒河
朋曲 - 藏南 恒河
康布曲 - 藏南 布拉马普特拉河
洛扎怒曲 - 藏南 布拉马普特拉河
表2 南亚各国水资源概况 [ 3 ]
Table 2 Overview of the water resources in South Asian countries [ 3 ]
国家 自产水总量
/亿m3		 入境水总量
/亿m3		 水资源总量
/亿m3		 入境水比例
/%
阿富汗 471.5 267.0 738.5 36.2
不丹 780.0 0.0 780.0 0.0
巴基斯坦 550.0 2 651.0 3 201.0 82.8
孟加拉国 1 050.0 11 220.0 12 270.0 91.4
马尔代夫 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0
尼泊尔 1 982.0 120.0 2 102.0 5.7
斯里兰卡 528.0 0.0 528.0 0.0
印度 14 460.0 6 352.0 20 810.0 30.5
表2 南亚各国水资源概况 [ 3 ]
Table 2 Overview of the water resources in South Asian countries [ 3 ]
国家 自产水总量
/亿m3		 入境水总量
/亿m3		 水资源总量
/亿m3		 入境水比例
/%
阿富汗 471.5 267.0 738.5 36.2
不丹 780.0 0.0 780.0 0.0
巴基斯坦 550.0 2 651.0 3 201.0 82.8
孟加拉国 1 050.0 11 220.0 12 270.0 91.4
马尔代夫 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0
尼泊尔 1 982.0 120.0 2 102.0 5.7
斯里兰卡 528.0 0.0 528.0 0.0
印度 14 460.0 6 352.0 20 810.0 30.5
图2 南亚各国家人均水资源情况 (a)南亚八国人均水资源;(b)印度、巴基斯坦、孟加拉国人均水资源
Fig.2 Water resource condition in South Asia (a) Water resource per capita of the eight countries; (b) Water resource per capita of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh
图2 南亚各国家人均水资源情况 (a)南亚八国人均水资源;(b)印度、巴基斯坦、孟加拉国人均水资源
Fig.2 Water resource condition in South Asia (a) Water resource per capita of the eight countries; (b) Water resource per capita of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh
图3 南亚八国的水资源开发利用率
Fig.3 Exploitation and utilization degree of water resources of the eight countries in South Asia
图3 南亚八国的水资源开发利用率
Fig.3 Exploitation and utilization degree of water resources of the eight countries in South Asia
图4 南亚各国家蓄水库容情况 (a)蓄水总库容;(b)人均蓄水库容
Fig.4 The situation of the reservoir water storage capacity of the countries in South Asia (a) Total amount; (b) Per capita volume
图4 南亚各国家蓄水库容情况 (a)蓄水总库容;(b)人均蓄水库容
Fig.4 The situation of the reservoir water storage capacity of the countries in South Asia (a) Total amount; (b) Per capita volume
图5 印度在印尼边界修建的柯西河控水大坝(邓伟拍摄)
Fig.5 The dam on Koshi River which was constructed by India at the boundary between India and Nepal (Photo by Deng Wei)
图5 印度在印尼边界修建的柯西河控水大坝(邓伟拍摄)
Fig.5 The dam on Koshi River which was constructed by India at the boundary between India and Nepal (Photo by Deng Wei)
图6 南亚地区洪涝灾害危险性评价图
Fig.6 Flood vulnerability assessment in South Asia
图6 南亚地区洪涝灾害危险性评价图
Fig.6 Flood vulnerability assessment in South Asia
图7 南亚地区干旱灾害危险性分级图
Fig.7 Risk levels of drought disaster in South Asia
图7 南亚地区干旱灾害危险性分级图
Fig.7 Risk levels of drought disaster in South Asia
表3 1990—2015年喜马拉雅地区不同国家快速扩张冰湖数量
Table 3 Rapid expansion of glacial lakes in different countries of the southern Himalayan region
国家 不丹 中国 印度 尼泊尔 巴基斯坦 总计
快速扩张
数量/个		 8 69 23 17 1 118
表3 1990—2015年喜马拉雅地区不同国家快速扩张冰湖数量
Table 3 Rapid expansion of glacial lakes in different countries of the southern Himalayan region
国家 不丹 中国 印度 尼泊尔 巴基斯坦 总计
快速扩张
数量/个		 8 69 23 17 1 118
图8 喜马拉雅山脉冰川和冰湖分布情况(据参考文献[ 19 ])
Fig.8 Distribution of glaciers and glacial lakes in the Himalayas (modified after reference[19])
图8 喜马拉雅山脉冰川和冰湖分布情况(据参考文献[ 19 ])
Fig.8 Distribution of glaciers and glacial lakes in the Himalayas (modified after reference[19])
图9 南亚地区滑坡分布图
Fig.9 Landslide distribution in South Asia
图9 南亚地区滑坡分布图
Fig.9 Landslide distribution in South Asia
图10 南亚国家滑坡危险性评价图
Fig.10 Landslide hazard assessment in South Asian countries
图10 南亚国家滑坡危险性评价图
Fig.10 Landslide hazard assessment in South Asian countries
图11 南亚各国滑坡高危险区面积与比例
Fig.11 Landslide high risk area and its percentage in South Asian countries
图11 南亚各国滑坡高危险区面积与比例
Fig.11 Landslide high risk area and its percentage in South Asian countries
图12 南亚地区泥石流分布图
Fig.12 Spatial distribution of debris flows in South Asia
图12 南亚地区泥石流分布图
Fig.12 Spatial distribution of debris flows in South Asia
图13 山洪泥石流对柯西河支流的淤埋(邓伟拍摄)
Fig.13 Siltation of debris flow in the tributary of the Koshi River (Photo by Deng Wei)
图13 山洪泥石流对柯西河支流的淤埋(邓伟拍摄)
Fig.13 Siltation of debris flow in the tributary of the Koshi River (Photo by Deng Wei)
图14 南亚国家泥石流危险性评价图
Fig.14 Risk assessment of debris flow in South Asian
图14 南亚国家泥石流危险性评价图
Fig.14 Risk assessment of debris flow in South Asian
图15 南亚各国泥石流高危险区面积与比例
Fig.15 Debris flow high risk area and its percentage in South Asian countries
图15 南亚各国泥石流高危险区面积与比例
Fig.15 Debris flow high risk area and its percentage in South Asian countries
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