北祁连西段熬油沟组玄武岩地球化学特征及构造意义

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2018.02.0189

地球科学进展 ›› 2018, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (2): 189 -205. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2018.02.0189

刘懿馨 ¹(

), 侯克选 ², 沙鑫 ¹, 马蓁 ¹, 王金荣 ^1, ^*(

)

1.兰州大学地质科学与矿产资源学院甘肃省西部矿产资源重点实验室(兰州大学),甘肃兰州 730000
2.河北省众联能源环保科技有限公司,河北石家庄 050000

收稿日期:2017-07-20 修回日期:2017-12-18 出版日期:2018-02-20
通讯作者: 王金荣 E-mail:liuyx16@lzu.edu.cn;jrwang@lzu.edu.cn
基金资助:
甘肃省矿产资源补偿费项目“甘肃省肃南卡瓦铁矿综合研究”(编号:甘财建【2014】99号);中央高校基本科研业务费(编号:lzujbky-2016-197)资助

Geochemical Characteristics and Tectonic Significance of Aoyougou Group Basalts in Western North Qilian

Yixin Liu ¹( ), Kexuan Hou ², Xin Sha ¹, Zhen Ma ¹, Jinrong Wang ^1, ^*

1.School of Earth Sciences, Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources in Western China, Lanzhou 730000, China
2.Zhong-Lian Environmental Protection and Scientific Technology Co. Ltd., Shijiazhuang Hebei 050000,China

Received:2017-07-20 Revised:2017-12-18 Online:2018-02-20 Published:2018-04-02
Contact: Jinrong Wang E-mail:liuyx16@lzu.edu.cn;jrwang@lzu.edu.cn
About author:
First author:Liu Yixin(1988-),female,Qin’an City,Gansu Province,Ph.D student. Research areas include petrotectonics.E-mail:liuyx16@lzu.edu.cn
Supported by:
Project supported by Gansu Mineral Resources Compensation Project “Comprehensive study of the Kawa iron ore mine in Sunan, Gansu” (Gansu Financial Construction [2014] No.99);Basic Research Service Fee of Central University (lzujbky-2016-197)

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北祁连造山带是一典型的板块缝合带,其中镶嵌着众多大小不一的由前震旦系变质岩系组成微陆壳残块,为解析北祁连前造山构造过程提供了重要的研究载体。北祁连西段卡瓦—祁青一带分布有较为完整的中元古界长城系朱龙关群熬油沟组火山岩—碎屑岩—碳酸盐岩建造。岩石地球化学研究表明,熬油沟组玄武岩主量元素含量变化较为稳定,具高K₂O(4.27%~6.07%),TFe₂O₃(10.49%~13.01%),TiO₂(1.96%~2.90%)以及中等的MgO(5.37%~6.71%,Mg^# 48~51),CaO(2.57%~ 5.51%),为钾玄碱性玄武岩。岩石Cr和Ni含量随着Mg^#降低而减小、CaO与CaO/Al₂O₃呈正相关,明显富集轻稀土元素(LREE)和大离子亲石元素(LILE),轻微正Eu异常,高含量的高场强元素(Nb,Ta,Ti),以及元素对Gd/Yb(2.5~3.0),Zr/Y(8.6~10.2),Ta/Yb(0.96~1.23),Ti/Yb(5 074~6 021),Zr/Yb(81~97),Ce/Nb(1.87),Zr/Nb(6.41)值均揭示了熬油沟组玄武岩具有洋岛玄武岩(OIB)地球化学特征。结合区域地质背景研究表明,熬油沟组碱性玄武岩源于类似于OIB的深部富集地幔,在岩浆作用过程中发生过橄榄石和单斜辉石的分离结晶作用以及一定程度的大陆地壳物质的混染作用,形成于大陆裂谷背景,并认为其是对中元古代Columbia超大陆裂解的响应,进一步为中元古代华北克拉通裂解与Columbia超大陆裂解事件的关系提供了重要的岩石学证据。

关键词: 玄武岩, OIB, 富集地幔, 分离结晶, 大陆裂谷

The North Qilian orogenic belt is a typical plate suture zone, which is studded with numerous different sizes of fragments of micro-continental crust consisting of pre-Sinian metamorphic rocks and the North Qilian orogenic belt provides important study carrier for studying the pre-orogenic tectonic process of the North Qilian. The relatively complete volcanic-clastic-carbonate rocks formation of Zhulongguan Group, Changchengian System, Mesoproterozoic are distributed in the Kawa-Qiqing area, Western North Qilian orogenic belt. Geochemical characteristics of the Aoyougou Group basalts in the North Qilian indicated that the contents of major element were relatively stable, high K₂O contents(4.27%~6.07%), TFe₂O₃(10.49%~13.01%),TiO₂(1.96%~2.90%)and middle MgO(5.37%~6.71%,Mg^# 48~51), CaO(2.57%~5.51%)content. Thus, the Aoyougou Group basalts belong to potassium alkaline basalt. The contents of Cr and Ni of the basalts decreased with the decreasing of Mg^#, and there was a positive correlation between CaO and CaO/Al₂O₃, Furthermore, the Eu anomaly of samples was slightly negative, high contents of high field strength elements (HFSE, Nb, Ta, Ti), and the ratios of Gd/Yb(2.5~3.0), Zr/Y(8.6~10.2), Ta/Yb(0.96~1.23), Ti/Yb(5 074~6 021), Zr/Yb(81~97), Ce/Nb(1.87), Zr/Nb(6.41)indicated that the Aoyougou Group basalts had obvious OIB-type magmatic affinity. In combination with the regional geological background, the study results showed that Aoyougou Group alkaline basalt generated from deep enrichment mantle similar to the source of OIB, with fractional crystallization of olivine and monoclinic pyroxene and a certain degree of contamination of continental crust in the process of magmatism, formed in the background of continental rift, might response to the Proterozoic Columbia supercontinent rifting, which further provides important petrological evidences for the relationship between North China Craton rifting events and Columbia supercontinent rifting during Proterozoic.

Key words: Basalts, OIB, Enriched mantle, Fractional crystallization, Continental rift.

中图分类号:

P588.14+5

图1 研究区地质简图(据参考文献[15,46]修改)
(a)北祁连西段卡瓦地区大地构造纲要图(据参考文献[15]修改);(b)卡瓦一带地层分布图(据参考文献[46]修改).1.中新生界;2.古生界;3.第四系;4. 青白口系;5.长城纪桦树沟组;6.长城纪熬油沟组;7.古元古代北大河岩群;8.基性—超基性岩;9.中酸性侵入岩体;10.地质界线;11. 图2 剖面位置(采样位置见图2 )

Fig.1 Geology sketch of the research area(modified after references[15,46])
(a)Structure outline map of Western North Qilian (modified after reference [15]). (b) Stratigraphic map of Kawa region (modified after reference [46]).1:Middle Cenozoic. 2:Paleozoic. 3:Quaternary. 4:Qingbaikou System. 5:Huashugou Group, Changcheng Period. 6:Aoyougou Group, Changcheng Period. 7:Paleoproterozoic Beidahe terrain. 8:Mafic-ultramafic rocks. 9:Neutral-acid intrusion. 10:Geology boundary. 11:Samples and geological section location of Fig.2

图2 熬油沟组—桦树沟组地质剖面图及采样点(剖面位置见图1 )

Fig.2 Aoyougou-Huashugou Group geological sectionmap and sample position (the position of section map are shown in Fig.1 )

图3 玄武岩及其镜下特征(正交5X)
Cpx.单斜辉石;Pl.斜长石

Fig.3 Basalts with its microscopic photasl (perpendicular 5X)
Cpx:Clinopyroxene. Pl:Plagioclase

图4 火山岩分类图
(a)火山岩TAS分类图(据参考文献[50]修改); (b)Nb/Y-Zr/TiO ₂图解(据参考文献[51]修改)

Fig.4 Classification diagrams for volcanic rocks
(a)TAS classification of volcanic rocks(modified after reference [50] ). (b)Nb/Y-Zr/TiO ₂diagram (modified after reference [51])

图5 熬油沟组玄武岩SiO ₂-K ₂O图解 ^{[

50
]}

Fig.5 SiO ₂-K ₂O diagram for Aoyougou Group Basalts ^{[

50
]}

图6 熬油沟组玄武岩REE球粒陨石标准化配分图(标准化值来自参考文献[52])

Fig.6 Chondrite-normalized rare earth element patterns diagram of Aoyougou Group Basalts (normalized value from reference[52])

表1 北祁连西段熬油沟组玄武岩主微量元素(%)、微量元素(×10 ^-6)分析结果

Table 1 The contents of major (%) and trace elements (×10 ^-6)of Aoyougou Group Basalts in the Western North Qilian

样号	14-KW-H30	14-KW-H31	14-KW-H32	14-KW-H33	14-KW-H34	14-KW-H35	14-KW-H36
SiO₂	44.86	44.56	45.64	45.56	48.07	46.78	46.64
Al₂O₃	15.64	16.15	15.72	15.16	15.47	15.71	15.59
TiO₂	2.90	2.43	2.50	2.30	1.96	2.55	2.39
TFe₂O₃	13.01	10.99	11.30	10.58	10.49	11.53	11.04
MnO	0.65	0.85	0.72	0.46	0.46	0.63	0.55
MgO	6.71	6.35	5.68	5.99	5.37	5.80	5.75
CaO	2.57	2.99	3.22	5.51	3.56	2.74	3.67
Na₂O	1.91	1.08	1.72	1.61	1.60	2.07	2.57
K₂O	4.33	6.07	5.36	5.13	6.01	4.95	4.27
P₂O₅	0.49	0.56	0.54	0.51	0.47	0.56	0.52
LOI	6.41	7.27	7.01	6.40	6.05	6.12	6.59
Total	99.48	99.30	99.41	99.21	99.51	99.44	99.58
Mg^#	48	51	48	50	48	48	48
Ba	1 280	3 810	2 380	1 790	2 040	1 890	1 290
Rb	42.80	67.20	83.00	68.40	86.80	64.60	40.00
Cs	2.99	3.49	3.32	2.89	3.18	3.21	2.75
Th	3.12	3.19	3.65	3.13	3.37	3.71	3.30
U	0.80	0.73	0.78	0.94	0.77	0.80	0.79
Nb	43.90	36.20	36.90	42.00	36.90	37.90	39.00
Ta	3.55	2.75	2.78	3.02	2.86	2.88	2.98
Pb	4.27	3.81	4.03	3.19	3.81	6.15	3.08
Sr	211.00	275.00	312.00	307.00	250.00	257.00	236.00
Zr	272.00	236.00	236.00	264.00	238.00	248.00	252.00
Hf	6.81	5.59	5.96	6.27	5.80	6.04	6.19
P	2 140	2 446	2 358	2 227	2 052	2 446	2 271
Cr	246.00	165.00	181.00	223.00	123.00	170.00	207.00
Ni	134.00	96.10	93.30	107.00	54.80	94.90	91.10
Co	50.20	39.60	38.80	37.40	28.00	45.00	34.60
V	274.00	229.00	220.00	204.00	169.00	236.00	213.00
Sc	24.90	20.60	21.80	15.50	16.70	24.20	20.60
Ga	24.00	21.20	21.20	22.30	20.70	21.50	21.30
La	27.90	29.00	36.90	35.80	33.90	36.80	31.10
Ce	61.60	63.80	81.20	79.40	75.90	78.20	67.20
Pr	7.85	8.53	10.40	9.82	9.25	10.20	8.28
Nd	31.20	35.60	42.80	40.20	37.10	41.20	32.40
Sm	7.43	8.24	9.15	8.69	8.47	9.40	7.46
Eu	2.54	3.30	3.33	3.10	2.96	3.28	2.66
Gd	7.23	7.56	8.76	8.17	7.62	8.75	7.07
Tb	1.18	1.19	1.38	1.29	1.23	1.45	1.11
Dy	6.58	6.44	7.30	6.53	6.36	7.39	5.96
Ho	1.23	1.20	1.34	1.23	1.22	1.35	1.11
Er	3.24	3.06	3.42	3.06	3.12	3.56	2.90
Tm	0.46	0.42	0.47	0.43	0.44	0.48	0.42
Yb	2.89	2.60	2.91	2.72	2.75	2.96	2.60
Lu	0.43	0.38	0.42	0.38	0.40	0.41	0.38
Y	30.10	27.50	31.00	26.40	25.50	31.80	24.80
∑REEEE	191.86	198.82	240.78	227.22	216.22	237.23	195.45
LREE	138.52	148.47	183.78	177.01	167.58	179.08	149.10
HREE	53.34	50.35	57.00	50.21	48.64	58.15	46.35
LREE/HREE	2.60	2.95	3.22	3.53	3.45	3.08	3.22
δEu	1.02	1.12	1.06	1.05	1.05	1.04	1.05
δCe	0.86	0.86	0.87	0.87	0.88	0.87	0.87
(La/Yb)_N	6.92	8.00	9.10	9.44	8.84	8.92	8.58
Nb /U	54.88	49.59	47.31	44.68	47.92	47.38	49.37

表1 北祁连西段熬油沟组玄武岩主微量元素(%)、微量元素(×10 ^-6)分析结果

Table 1 The contents of major (%) and trace elements (×10 ^-6)of Aoyougou Group Basalts in the Western North Qilian

样号	14-KW-H30	14-KW-H31	14-KW-H32	14-KW-H33	14-KW-H34	14-KW-H35	14-KW-H36
SiO₂	44.86	44.56	45.64	45.56	48.07	46.78	46.64
Al₂O₃	15.64	16.15	15.72	15.16	15.47	15.71	15.59
TiO₂	2.90	2.43	2.50	2.30	1.96	2.55	2.39
TFe₂O₃	13.01	10.99	11.30	10.58	10.49	11.53	11.04
MnO	0.65	0.85	0.72	0.46	0.46	0.63	0.55
MgO	6.71	6.35	5.68	5.99	5.37	5.80	5.75
CaO	2.57	2.99	3.22	5.51	3.56	2.74	3.67
Na₂O	1.91	1.08	1.72	1.61	1.60	2.07	2.57
K₂O	4.33	6.07	5.36	5.13	6.01	4.95	4.27
P₂O₅	0.49	0.56	0.54	0.51	0.47	0.56	0.52
LOI	6.41	7.27	7.01	6.40	6.05	6.12	6.59
Total	99.48	99.30	99.41	99.21	99.51	99.44	99.58
Mg^#	48	51	48	50	48	48	48
Ba	1 280	3 810	2 380	1 790	2 040	1 890	1 290
Rb	42.80	67.20	83.00	68.40	86.80	64.60	40.00
Cs	2.99	3.49	3.32	2.89	3.18	3.21	2.75
Th	3.12	3.19	3.65	3.13	3.37	3.71	3.30
U	0.80	0.73	0.78	0.94	0.77	0.80	0.79
Nb	43.90	36.20	36.90	42.00	36.90	37.90	39.00
Ta	3.55	2.75	2.78	3.02	2.86	2.88	2.98
Pb	4.27	3.81	4.03	3.19	3.81	6.15	3.08
Sr	211.00	275.00	312.00	307.00	250.00	257.00	236.00
Zr	272.00	236.00	236.00	264.00	238.00	248.00	252.00
Hf	6.81	5.59	5.96	6.27	5.80	6.04	6.19
P	2 140	2 446	2 358	2 227	2 052	2 446	2 271
Cr	246.00	165.00	181.00	223.00	123.00	170.00	207.00
Ni	134.00	96.10	93.30	107.00	54.80	94.90	91.10
Co	50.20	39.60	38.80	37.40	28.00	45.00	34.60
V	274.00	229.00	220.00	204.00	169.00	236.00	213.00
Sc	24.90	20.60	21.80	15.50	16.70	24.20	20.60
Ga	24.00	21.20	21.20	22.30	20.70	21.50	21.30
La	27.90	29.00	36.90	35.80	33.90	36.80	31.10
Ce	61.60	63.80	81.20	79.40	75.90	78.20	67.20
Pr	7.85	8.53	10.40	9.82	9.25	10.20	8.28
Nd	31.20	35.60	42.80	40.20	37.10	41.20	32.40
Sm	7.43	8.24	9.15	8.69	8.47	9.40	7.46
Eu	2.54	3.30	3.33	3.10	2.96	3.28	2.66
Gd	7.23	7.56	8.76	8.17	7.62	8.75	7.07
Tb	1.18	1.19	1.38	1.29	1.23	1.45	1.11
Dy	6.58	6.44	7.30	6.53	6.36	7.39	5.96
Ho	1.23	1.20	1.34	1.23	1.22	1.35	1.11
Er	3.24	3.06	3.42	3.06	3.12	3.56	2.90
Tm	0.46	0.42	0.47	0.43	0.44	0.48	0.42
Yb	2.89	2.60	2.91	2.72	2.75	2.96	2.60
Lu	0.43	0.38	0.42	0.38	0.40	0.41	0.38
Y	30.10	27.50	31.00	26.40	25.50	31.80	24.80
∑REEEE	191.86	198.82	240.78	227.22	216.22	237.23	195.45
LREE	138.52	148.47	183.78	177.01	167.58	179.08	149.10
HREE	53.34	50.35	57.00	50.21	48.64	58.15	46.35
LREE/HREE	2.60	2.95	3.22	3.53	3.45	3.08	3.22
δEu	1.02	1.12	1.06	1.05	1.05	1.04	1.05
δCe	0.86	0.86	0.87	0.87	0.88	0.87	0.87
(La/Yb)_N	6.92	8.00	9.10	9.44	8.84	8.92	8.58
Nb /U	54.88	49.59	47.31	44.68	47.92	47.38	49.37

图7 熬油沟组玄武岩微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图(标准化值来自参考文献[52])

Fig.7 Primitive-mantle-normalised multi-element diagram of Aoyougou Group Basalts (normalized value from reference [52])

图8 玄武岩Zr/Nb-Ce/Y变异图 ^{[

54
]}

Fig.8 Zr/Nb-Ce/Y variation diagram of basalts ^{[

54
]}

图9 玄武岩Nb/Yb-TiO ₂/Yb变异图 ^{[

55
]}

Fig.9 Nb/Yb-TiO ₂/Yb variation diagram of basalts ^{[

55
]}

图10 玄武岩源区判别图
(a)熬油沟组玄武岩Zr-Nb图;(b)Zr-Y图解 ^{[

56
]};直线为原始地幔

Fig.10 Resource discrimination diagrams of basalts
(a)Zr-Nb. (b)Zr-Y diagram of Aoyougou Group basalts ^{[

56
]}. Straight line represents the PM

图11 岩石部分熔融演化图
(a)熬油沟组玄武岩La/Yb-Sm/Yb ^{[

60
]};(b) La/Sm-Sm/Yb图解 ^{[

61
]}

Fig.11 Partial melting evolution diagram
(a)La/Yb-Sm/Yb diagram ^{[

60
]}. (b) La/Sm-Sm/Yb ^{[

61
]} diagram of Aoyougou Group basalts

图12 Nb/La-Nb/Th变异图(据参考文献[55]修改)

Fig.12 Nb/La-Nb/Th variation diagram(modified after reference[55])

图13 熬油沟组玄武岩构造背景判别图
(a)玄武岩Th/Yb-Ta/Yb ^{[

65
]};(b)Hf/3-Th-Ta ^{[

66
]};(c)Zr-Zr/Y ^{[

67
]};(d)Ti/100-Zr-Y*3 ^{[

68
]}

Fig.13 Tectonic setting discrimination diagrams for Aoyougou Groups Basalts
(a)Th/Yb-Ta/Yb diagram ^{[

65
]}. (b)Hf/3-Th-Ta diagram ^{[

66
]}. (c)Zr-Zr/Y diagram ^{[

67
]}. (d)Ti/100-Zr-Y*3 diagram ^{[

68
]}

图14 熬油沟组玄武岩构造背景判别图
(a)玄武岩MgO-Al ₂O ₃-TFeO ^{[

67
]};(b) Ce/Nb-Th/Nb构造判别图 ^{[

12
]};PM.原始地幔;DMM.亏损地幔端员;N-MORB.N型洋中脊玄武岩;E-MORB.E型洋中脊玄武岩;OIB.洋岛玄武岩;BC.平均大陆壳;UCC.大陆上地壳;GLOSS.全球俯冲沉积物组成;Iceland plume.冰岛地幔柱;ECFB.峨眉山大陆溢流玄武岩

Fig.14 Tectonic setting discrimination diagrams for Aoyougou Groups basalts
(a) MgO-Al ₂O ₃-TFeO diagram ^{[

67
]}. (b) Ce/Nb-Th/Nb diagram ^{[

12
]}. PM: Primitive Mantle.DMM: Depleted mantle. N-MORB: Normal mid-ocean ridge basalt. E-MORB:Enriched mid-ocean ridge basalt. OIB: Oceanic island basalt.BC:Average continental crust. UCC:Upper continental crust. GLOSS:Global subducted sediments. ECFB: Emei Mountain continental flood basalt

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